Table 1.
Examples of plant and animal taxa that have been targeted in farmland ecological restoration programmes.
| rationale | target group | species | country | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| threatened or rare | farm birds | corn bunting (Miliaria calandra); skylark (Alauda arvensis); yellowhammer (Emberiza citronella) | United Kingdom | Wakeham-Dawson & Aebischer (1998); Brickle et al. (2000) and Thomas et al. (2001) |
| game birds | grey partridge (Perdix perdix); pheasant (Phasianus colchicus); red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) | France | Bro et al. (2004) | |
| raptors | hen harrier (Circus cyaneus); NZ falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae) | United Kingdom, New Zealand | Amar & Redpath (2005) and McKinnon (2005a) | |
| mammals | field vole (Microtus agrestis); harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) | United Kingdom | Robinson & Sutherland (2002) | |
| insects and other invertebrates | bumble-bees (Bombus spp., Hymenoptera); butterflies (Lepidoptera); wetas (Orthoptera) | Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom | Goulson et al. (2002); Sands & New (2002); Carvell et al. (2004); Pywell et al. (2005b) and Bowie et al. (2006) | |
| plants | kanuka (Kunzea ericoides); kowhai (Sophora microphylla); totara (Podocarpus totara) | New Zealand | McKinnon (2005b) and Fiedler (2006); S.D.W. 2005, personal observation | |
| prey (‘chick-food’) | insects and other invertebrates | beetles (Coleoptera); butterflies (Lepidoptera); grasshoppers (Orthoptera); harvestmen (Opiliones); spiders (Araneae); true bugs (Hemiptera) | United Kingdom | Brickle et al. (2000) |
| predators of threatened species | mammals | American mink (Mustela vison); Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)a; badger (Meles meles); ferret (Mustela furo)a; hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus); weasel (Mustela nivalis); red fox (Vulpes vulpes); stoat (Mustela erminea) | France, New Zealand, United Kingdom | Byrom (2002); Bro et al. (2004) and Evans (2004) |
| indicator of habitat quality | birds | Port Lincoln ringneck (Platycercus zonarius); singing honeyeater (Lichenostomus virescens); yellow-throated miner (Manorina flavigula) | Australia | Fortin & Arnold (1997) |
| insects and other invertebrates | beetles (Coleoptera); butterflies (Lepidoptera); flatworms (Turbellaria); spiders (Araneae) | Finland, New Zealand, United Kingdom | Bowie & Frampton (2004); Pywell et al. (2004, 2005a) and Pöyry et al. (2005) | |
| mammals | bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) | United Kingdom | Wickramasinghe et al. (2003) | |
| vascular plants | heather (Calluna vulgaris) | Denmark | Degn (2001) | |
| biological control agents | insects and other invertebrates | beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Staphylinidae); spiders (Araneae); wasps (Hymenoptera) | Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, USA | Thomas et al. (1991); Baggen et al. (1999); Hossain et al. (2002); MacLeod et al. (2004) and Prasad & Snyder (2006) |
| decomposers | insects and other invertebrates | dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) | Ireland | Hutton & Giller (2003) |
| pollinators | insects and other invertebrates | bumble-bees (Bombus spp., Hymenoptera); hoverflies (Diptera) | New Zealand, United Kingdom | Carvell et al. (2004) and Pontin et al. (2006) |
| damaging (non-native | birds | noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) | Australia | Grey et al. (1997) |
| or native) | fishes | common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | Australia | Koehn (2004) |
| insects and other invertebrates | honeybee mite (Varroa destructor, Acari: Varroidae) | New Zealand | Zhang (2000) | |
| mammals | European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) | New Zealand | Byrom (2002) | |
| plants | lantana (Lantana camara) | Australia | Macleay (2004) |
a
Also regarded as pest species because they vector bovine tuberculosis to cattle and deer in New Zealand (Byrom 2002).