Table 2.

Details of generic ecological restoration methods cited in the literature

no.	method	reference
1	reduce pesticide and fertilizer use or substitute for less disruptive products in both the main crop (e.g. organics) and adjacent non-target areas like headlands	Pywell et al. (2005b)
2	increase the size of habitat patches and connectivity between them by creating corridors or, contrary to expectations, establishing small patches of vegetation to facilitate dispersal	Simberloff & Cox (1987); Tscharntke et al. (2002) and Steffan-Dewenter & Leschke (2003)
3	increase the availability of non-cultivated land adjacent to fields which provide natural nesting and over-wintering sites (physical shelter and shelter from predation) and primary or alternative food sources, either by deliberately sown non-crop plants (beetle banks, cover strips, floral mixtures and hedgerows), natural regeneration (set-aside land without pesticides or conservation headlands with selective pesticides, uncropped field margins and grassy margins) or repair of existing vegetation	Thomas et al. (1991; 2001); Bro et al. (2004) and Pywell et al. (2004, 2005b)
4	increasing the number of fields by reducing the size of each	Holland et al. (2005)
5	establish artificial nests or shelter and feeding stations	Bowie & Frampton (2004); Bro et al. (2004) and Bowie et al. (2006)
6	substitute or diversify the species of arable crops grown at any one time and over the year (arable reversion to pasture, crop rotation, retain over-wintered stubble in a spring fallow, spring not autumn sown cereals such as winter wheat, undersow crops with grasses)	Wakeham-Dawson & Aebischer (1998) and Brickle et al. (2000)
7	stagger the timing and location of adverse husbandry practices such as soil cultivation, planting and harvesting (strip harvesting)	Hossain et al. (2002) and Holland et al. (2005)
8	translocate animals despite the high cost over large areas	Hobbs & Norton (1996) and McKinnon (2005a)
9	remove unwanted animals and plants, including fencing to exclude stock from sensitive riparian areas	Byrom (2002); Bro et al. (2004); Evans (2004); Macleay (2004) and Waltz & Covington (2004)