Table 1.

Therapeutics shown successful against NIHL 2005–2008

Agent	Type	Route	Subjects	Type of noise	Reference
Salicylate	*Antioxidant	IP	Mice	BBN, 113 dB, 3.5 hr	Adelman et al., 2008
D-methionine	Antioxidant	IP	Mice	4 kHz OBN, 110 dB, 4 hr	Samson et al., 2008
Salicylate + Trolox	Antioxidant, Anti-nitrosative	IP, SC	Guinea pigs	4 kHz OBN, 120 dB, 5 hr	Yamashita et al., 2005
Tempol + Creatine	Antioxidants	Oral	Guinea pigs	4 kHz OBN, 120 dB, 5 hr	Minami et al., 2007
Tempol or 3-aminobenzamide	Antioxidant PARS inhib.	IP	Mice	4 kHz, 128 dB, 4 hr	Murashita et al., 2006
Vit. E + Idebenone	Antioxidants	IP, IM	Guinea pigs	6 kHz, 120 dB, 40 min	Fetoni et al., 2008
N-acetyl-cysteine	Antioxidant	IP, oral	Chinchillas	Various High-Kurtosis	Bielefeld et al., 2007
Idebenone	Antioxidant	IP	Guinea pigs	6 kHz, 120 dB, 40 min	Sergi et al., 2006
Vit. C	Antioxidant	Diet	Guinea pigs	4 kHz OBN, 114 dB, 6 hr	McFadden et al., 2005
Edaravone	Antioxidant	Perilymph	Guinea pigs	4 kHz ?BN, 130 dB, 4 hr	Tanaka et al., 2005
Vit. A+C+E + Mg++	**Antioxidants + Ca++ inhib.	IP	Guinea pigs	4 kHz OBN, 120 dB, 5 hr	Le Prell et al., 2007
Hydroxy-phenyl-	**Antioxidants	IP	Chinchillas	4 kHz OBN, 105 dB, 6 hr	Choi et al., 2008
N-tert-butylnitrone +	+ Energy enhancer
N-acetyl-cysteine +
Acetyl-carnitine
N-acetyl-cysteine	Antioxidant	IP	Chinchillas	4 kHz OBN, 105 dB, 6 hr	Coleman et al., 2007a
Acetyl-carnitine	Energy enhancer
T-817MA	Antioxidant and Neuroprotectant	Oral	Guinea pigs	4 kHz OBN, 120 dB, 5 hr	Yamashita et al., 2008
BN 82270	Antioxidant, Calpain inhibitor	Perilymph	Guinea pigs	6 kHz, 120 dB, 30 min	Wang et al., 2007a
Cyclosporin A	Calcineurin	IP	Guinea pigs	2 kHz, 120 dB, 10 min	Uemaetomari et al., 2005
FK506	Inhibitors		Mice	4 kHz, 128 dB, 4 hr
Trimethadione	T-type Ca++	IP	Mice	BBN, 110 dB, 30 min	Shen et al., 2007
Ethosuximide	channel blockers
Caroverine	Glutamate antagonist	SC	Rats	Impulse Noise 160 dB peak 50 pulses	Duan et al., 2006
Geranylgeranyl-acetone	Induces heat shock proteins	Oral	Guinea pigs	4 kHz OBN, 130 dB, 3 hr	Mikuriya et al., 2005
Human insulin-like growth factor-1	Growth factor	Round window	Rats	BBN, 120 dB, 2 hr	Iwai et al., 2006
Amitriptyline	Induces neurotrophic factor	IP	Guinea pigs	4 kHz OBN, 117 dB, 24 hr	Shibata et al., 2007
Retinoic acid	Anti-apoptotic	Oral	Mice	BBN, 122 dB, 3 hr/d 3 days	Ahn et al., 2005
AM-111	Anti-apoptotic	IP, Round window	Chinchillas	Impulse Noise 155 dB peak 150 pulses	Coleman et al., 2007b
D-JNKI-1 peptide	Anti-apoptotic	Round window	Guinea pigs	6 kHz, 130 dB, 15 min	Wang et al., 2007b

^*Also intended to de-sensitize OHCs

^**Added benefit from combination

BBN:Broadband noise; OBN:Octave-band noise