Macrophage viability after infection with the B. anthracis parent strain, the MIGD101 mutant, and the ΔgerHA mutant. (A) LDH release in macrophages treated with spores of parent strain, MIGD101, and ΔgerHA mutants of B. anthracis Sterne 7702. The strains corresponding to each time point and level of LDH release are indicated in the figure. The bar graph indicates the percentage of macrophage LDH released after infection (MOI of 1; n = 3). Error bars indicate ± the standard error of the mean. P values were determined by comparisons between the parent strain and mutant strains using a two-tailed Student t test and found to be <0.05. (B, C, and D) Phase-contrast images of trypan blue-stained cultured macrophages 6 h after infection (MOI of 1) with the B. anthracis Sterne 7702 parent strain (B), the B. anthracis MIGD101 mutant (C), and the B. anthracis ΔgerHA mutant (D).