Table 1.

Cohort studies of smokeless tobacco and pancreatic cancer

Study details	US Veterans Study	Lutheran Brotherhood Study	Norway Cohorts Study	Swedish Construction Workers Study
Sourcea	Winn et al [19]b	Zheng et al [9]c	Boffetta et al [10]d	Luo et al [11]
Country	USA	USA	Norway	Sweden
Population	US veterans insurance policyholders	Lutheran brotherhood insurance policyholderse	General population samples and relatives of Norwegian migrants to the USA	Construction workers
Baseline survey	1954	1966	1964, 1967	1978–1992
Sex	> 99.5% Male	Male	Male	Male
Follow-up	1954–1969	1966–1986	1966–2001	1978–2004
Sample sizef	Approx 300,000	17,633	10,136	279,897
Endpoint	Mortality	Mortality	Incidenceg	Incidence
Data on ST use	ST unspecified	ST unspecified	Snuff	Snuff
Adjustment factorsh	Age	Age, smoking, alcohol	Age, smoking	Age, smoking, body mass index

^a The source given is for the latest follow-up

^b The source is an abstract. Some of the study information about the US Veterans Study was obtained from other sources [33]

^c Page 103 of IARC Monograph 37 [30] summarizes 15 year follow-up results from this study based on two abstracts [29,32]

^d 11 year follow-up results from this study are reported on page 103 of IARC Monograph 37 [30] based on two abstracts [29,32], while 14 year follow-up results are given by Heuch et al [31]

^e White

^f Numbers used in specific analyses may be less than this

^g Cases diagnosed on the basis of a clinical examination or death certificate only were excluded

^h Adjustment factors used in analysis