Table 2.

Spongiform degeneration and changes in ubiquitination in animals results from infection and gene mutation

Disease/Mutation	CNS location of spongiform change	Increased ubiquitination	Altered prion protein	Gliosis	Ref (s)
Scrapie or BSE	Grey matter of cerebellum, hypothalamus, medulla	Yes	Yes	Yes	[1]
Experimental prion infection	Grey matter of cerebellum, hypothalamus, medulla	Yes	Yes	Yes	[27]
MoMuLV-infected mouse	Grey matter of cerebellum, thalamus, brainstem, motor nuclei of spinal cord	Yes	ND	Yes	[20], [82], [83]
Coronavirus-infected mouse	Grey matter of cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, brain stem, spinal cord	ND	ND	Yes	[8], [18]
Mgrn1md-ncmouse	Grey matter of cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, midbrain, brain stem	ND	No	Yes	[22]
Mahogany mouse/Zitter rat	Grey matter of cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, hypothalamus, medulla	Yes	No	Yes	[21], [22], [25], [106], [107], [113], [117]

ND, not determined.