Table 3.
Relative risk (Cox regression) of major chronic disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), or cancer on the basis of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA+DHA) intake in 40,230 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study with no major chronic disease at baseline in 19861
| EPA+DHA (g/d)
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.05 | 0.05 – <0.2 | 0.2 – <0.4 | 0.4 – <0.6 | ≥0.6 | P for trend | RR in deciles2 | |
| All events (n=9715) | |||||||
| No. of cases | 426 | 3295 | 3646 | 1404 | 944 | ||
| Person-years | 26477 | 212711 | 239896 | 91604 | 52191 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.03 | 0.986 (0.979, 0.993) |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | 0.52 | 0.993 (0.986, 1.000) |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.06) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) | 0.67 | 0.997 (0.989, 1.005) |
| Total CVD (n=3639) | |||||||
| No. of cases | 163 | 1245 | 1340 | 514 | 377 | ||
| Person-years | 27310 | 220099 | 248273 | 94878 | 54437 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 0.85 (0.72, 1.00) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.97) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) | 0.46 | 0.985 (0.974, 0.996) |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) | 0.63 | 0.987 (0.976, 0.999) |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.10) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 0.16 | 0.998 (0.985, 1.012) |
| Total cancer (n=4690) | |||||||
| No. of cases | 197 | 1575 | 1783 | 682 | 453 | ||
| Person-years | 27399 | 218852 | 246389 | 94137 | 54080 | ||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.03 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.19) | 0.32 | 0.994 (0.984, 1.004) |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) | 0.81 | 0.998 (0.988, 1.008) |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.03 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) | 0.83 | 0.998 (0.987, 1.010) |
Values in the models are relative risk (RRs) and 95% CIs (in parentheses)
Deciles were used as a continuous variable in the models.
Model 1: adjusted for age (in 1-year increments).
Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 plus body mass index (quintiles); smoking (5 categories); physical activity (quintiles); history of diabetes, hypertension or hypercholesterolemia; first-degree family history of myocardial infarction before age 60; first-degree family history of colon cancer and aspirin use (yes/no).
Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 plus multivitamin supplement use (yes/no), glycemic load and intakes of protein, fiber, trans fat, saturated fat, n-6 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, red meat, total calories and alcohol (each in quintiles).