Table 4.
Characteristics of Neighborhoods with High and Low Levels of Social Capital Indicators (N=217)
| High Collective Efficacy | Low Collective Efficacy | High Organizational Participation | Low Organizational Participation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (s.d) | Mean (s.d.) | |||
| Aggregated organizational participation/structural social capital | 1.59 (0.42) | 1.19 (0.31) ‡ | --- | --- |
| Aggregated collective efficacy/cognitive social capital | --- | --- | 13.26 (2.84) | 10.18 (2.42) ‡ |
| Mean endogenous social organization | 0.70 (0.78) | 0.62 (0.08) ‡ | 0.70 (0.10) | 0.63 (0.07) ‡ |
| % White | 50.42 (25.83) | 33.78 (14.50) ‡ | 48.33 (26.91) | 36.23 (16.78) ‡ |
| % African American | 13.34 (22.31) | 15.16 (18.71) | 18.89 (26.98) | 12.71 (16.21) |
| % Hispanic | 28.72 (24.89) | 58.79 (25.78) ‡ | 25.50 (22.17) | 57.12 (26.75) ‡ |
| % Neighborhood with < high school education | 21.93 (18.97) | 46.67 (20.27) ‡ | 19.65 (15.61) | 45.15 (21.48) ‡ |
| Mean annual household income | 53,036 (29,779) | 30,455 (11,528) ‡ | 53,469 (32,157) | 32,509 (13,710) ‡ |
| % Below poverty | 12.69 (9.99) | 27.04 (11.86) ‡ | 14.24 (13.41) | 24.99 (11.74) ‡ |
| Mean concentrated disadvantage | −0.63 (3.12) | 2.65 (3.59) ‡ | 0.42 (5.03) | 1.89 (3.04) † |
| Aggregated number of years lived in neighborhood | 13.75 (3.85) | 9.56 (3.80) ‡ | 12.84 (4.65) | 10.35 (3.82) ‡ |
| Mean off-premise outlet density per square mile | 7.75 (8.23) | 13.69 (10.35) ‡ | 5.77 (5.59) | 13.91 (10.49) ‡ |
| Aggregated distance to nearest off-premise outlet | 0.69 (0.74) | 0.33 (0.41) ‡ | 0.69 (0.77) | 0.35 (0.44) ‡ |
| Aggregated visible alcohol use in neighborhood | 1.89 (0.72) | 2.57 (0.71) ‡ | 1.96 (0.88) | 2.47 (0.69) ‡ |
| Aggregated drinking days | 64.84 (40.79) | 37.93 (24.99) ‡ | 60.46 (37.65) | 42.37 (31.18) ‡ |
| Aggregated drinks per day | 1.27 (0.39) | 1.15 (0.44) | 1.19 (0.29) | 1.20 (0.47) |
| Aggregated binge drinking | 17.96 (11.11) | 14.54 (10.23) | 13.58 (8.34) | 16.66 (11.37) |
| Aggregated witnessed or experienced violence in neighborhood | 0.12 (0.18) | 0.27 (0.14) ‡ | 0.19 (0.21) | 0.22 (0.14) |
| Aggregated level of perception of neighborhood safety | 3.43 (0.37) | 2.87 (0.39) ‡ | 3.38 (0.42) | 2.94 (0.43) ‡ |
| Mean street density (linear miles of street per square mile) | 19.99 (6.89) | 19.17 (6.44) | 18.06 (5.03) | 20.04 (7.07) |
| Mean block size (area per square mile) | 11.85 (14.03) | 7.90 (4.31)§ | 13.58 (15.37) | 7.59 (3.90)§ |
| Mean intersection density (intersections per square mile) | 175.91 (112.11) | 187.08 (94.34) | 148.88 (66.49) | 196.99 (109.03)§ |
| % Four-way intersections | 36.75 (18.97) | 46.43 (20.21)† | 35.75 (18.55) | 45.88 (20.26)† |
Note. High collective efficacy and organizational participation at the neighborhood or census tract level were defined as average of respondent’s scores for the two scales, defined as high if above mean and low as at or below the mean.
‡
Note. P-value: < 0.0001;
†
< 0.01;
§
< 0.05. Responses based on non-missing values.