Table 5.
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Empty Model | Model with Off- Premise Outlet Density | Model with Individual and Other Neighborhood Predictors | Model with Perception of Neighborhood Safety |
Estimate (Standard Error) | ||||
| ||||
β (constant/intercept) | 11.8307 (0.2074) ‡ | 12.8972 (0.2572) ‡ | 2.8415 (0.9013) ‡ | 1.5964 (0.9451) ‡ |
Individual-Level Variables | ||||
Sexa | −0.9518 (0.2300) ‡ | −1.0688 (0.2256) ‡ | ||
Age (years) | 0.05653 (0.0096) | 0.05676 (0.0094) ‡ | ||
Race (White = referent) | ||||
African American | 0.09185 (0.4166)* | −0.2613 (0.4092) | ||
Other | 0.6122 (0.3359) | 0.5009 (0.3296) | ||
Hispanic ethnicity | 0.005323 (0.3714) | 0.02191 (0.3638) | ||
Educationa | 0.6976 (0.1172) ‡ | 0.6484 (0.1151) ‡ | ||
Incomea | 1.1722 (0.1843) ‡ | 1.0454 (0.1811) ‡ | ||
Number of years lived in neighborhood | 0.003153 (0.0111) | 0.001643 (0.0109) | ||
Perception of neighborhood safety | 1.3387 (0.1324) ‡ | |||
Tract-Level Variables | ||||
Off-premise outlet density per square mile | −0.1055 (0.01705) ‡ | −0.04761 (0.0129) † | −0.01293 (0.0127) | |
Study locationa | 1.1575 (0.3020) † | 0.8940 (0.2923) † | ||
Concentrated disadvantage | −0.2092 (0.0377) ‡ | −0.1345 (0.0370) ‡ | ||
Random Effects | ||||
Variance between neighborhoods/tracts | 6.1797 | 4.8522 | 1.2137 | 1.0319 |
Variance between individuals | 31.7716 | 31.7565 | 30.0949 | 28.8259 |
Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) | 16.3% | 13.2% | 3.9% | 3.5% |
Akaike information criterion (AIC) | 16472.3 | 16443.2 | 16191.0 | 15993.2 |
Note. P-value (2-sided): < 0.0001;
< 0.01;
< 0.05;
< 0.10.
Comparisons made for: males vs. females; lowest to highest education and income levels; and Louisiana vs. California.