Table 5.

Hierarchical Linear Regression Model of Collective Efficacy (N=217 tracts, N=2881 obs)

	Model A	Model B	Model C	Model D

Variables	Empty Model	Model with Off- Premise Outlet Density	Model with Individual and Other Neighborhood Predictors	Model with Perception of Neighborhood Safety
	Estimate (Standard Error)

β (constant/intercept)	11.8307 (0.2074) ^‡	12.8972 (0.2572) ^‡	2.8415 (0.9013) ^‡	1.5964 (0.9451) ^‡
*Individual-Level Variables*
Sex^a			−0.9518 (0.2300) ^‡	−1.0688 (0.2256) ^‡
Age (years)			0.05653 (0.0096)	0.05676 (0.0094) ^‡
Race (White = referent)
African American			0.09185 (0.4166)^*	−0.2613 (0.4092)
Other			0.6122 (0.3359)	0.5009 (0.3296)
Hispanic ethnicity			0.005323 (0.3714)	0.02191 (0.3638)
Education^a			0.6976 (0.1172) ^‡	0.6484 (0.1151) ^‡
Income^a			1.1722 (0.1843) ^‡	1.0454 (0.1811) ^‡
Number of years lived in neighborhood			0.003153 (0.0111)	0.001643 (0.0109)
Perception of neighborhood safety				1.3387 (0.1324) ^‡
*Tract-Level Variables*
Off-premise outlet density per square mile		−0.1055 (0.01705) ^‡	−0.04761 (0.0129) ^†	−0.01293 (0.0127)
Study location^a			1.1575 (0.3020) ^†	0.8940 (0.2923) ^†
Concentrated disadvantage			−0.2092 (0.0377) ^‡	−0.1345 (0.0370) ^‡
*Random Effects*
Variance between neighborhoods/tracts	6.1797	4.8522	1.2137	1.0319
Variance between individuals	31.7716	31.7565	30.0949	28.8259
Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)	16.3%	13.2%	3.9%	3.5%
Akaike information criterion (AIC)	16472.3	16443.2	16191.0	15993.2

^‡

Note. P-value (2-sided): < 0.0001;

^†

< 0.01;

^§

< 0.05;

< 0.10.

Comparisons made for: males vs. females; lowest to highest education and income levels; and Louisiana vs. California.