Table 6.
Hierarchical Ordinal Regression Model of Active Organizational Participation (N=217 tracts, N=2881 obs)
| Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Empty Model | Model with Off- Premise Outlet Density | Model with Individual and Other Neighborhood Predictors | Model with Perception of Neighborhood Safety |
| Estimate (Standard Error) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Individual-Level Variables | ||||
| Sexa | −0.2407 (0.0315) ‡ | −0.2373 (0.0312) ‡ | ||
| Age (years) | 0.01543 (0.0013) ‡ | 0.01527 (0.0013) ‡ | ||
| Race (White = referent) | ||||
| African American | 0.3477 (0.0557) ‡ | 0.3494 (0.0562) ‡ | ||
| Other | 0.01815 (0.0449) | 0.02137 (0.0452) | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity | −0.1787 (0.0453) | −0.03119 (0.0492) | ||
| Educationa | 0.1595 (0.0159) ‡ | 0.1665 (0.0158) ‡ | ||
| Incomea | 0.1387 (0.0249) ‡ | 0.1587 (0.0249) ‡ | ||
| Number of years lived in neighborhood | 0.00274 (0.0015) * | 0.00281 (0.0015)* | ||
| Perception of neighborhood safety | 0.00636 (0.0182) | |||
| Tract-Level Variables | ||||
| Off-premise outlet density per square mile | −0.03195 (0.00513) ‡ | −0.00469 (0.00146) † | −0.00359 (0.00147) † | |
| Study locationa | 0.3214 (0.0347) ‡ | 0.3141 (0.0353) ‡ | ||
| Concentrated disadvantage | −0.00072 (0.0045) ‡ | −0.00047 (0.0046) ‡ | ||
| Random Effects | ||||
| Variance between neighborhoods/tracts | 0.5267 | 0.4103 | 0.1680 | 0.1573 |
| Variance between individuals b | 3.29 | 3.29 | 3.29 | 3.29 |
| Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) | 13.8% | 11.09% | 5.08% | 4.56% |
| Median Odds Ratio (MOR)b | 1.99 | 1.84 | 1.48 | 1.46 |
| −2 Res Log Likelihood | 7005.63 | 6980.65 | 6405.05 | 6320.13 |
‡
Note. P-value (2-sided): < 0.0001;
†
< 0.01;
§
< 0.05;
*
< 0.10. Due to space constraints, the 3 intercepts were not presented here for each model
a
Comparisons made for: males vs. females; lowest to highest education and income levels; and Louisiana vs. California.
b
ICC=Intraclass correlation coefficient (with individual-level variance calculated using the formula of Snijders based on an underlying continuous variable with Vindividual = Π2/3 (Snijders and Bosker, 1999). Because of limitations of the ICC for non-linear outcomes, the Median Odds Ratio (MOR) (Merlo et al., 2004) was also calculated.