Table 3.
Summary of studies involving pharmacological interventions that target endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance
| Study | Target Population | Therapeutic Intervention | Treatment Duration | Outcome Measures | Treatment Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin Sensitizers | |||||
| Diamanti-Kandarakis [133] | PCOS | Metformin, 1700 mg/d, Orally | 6 mo | FMD and plasma ET-1 | FMD ↑ and plasma ET-1↓ |
| Mather KJ [134] | Type 2 Diabetes | Metformin, 1000 mg/d, Orally | 12 wk | ACh-induced vasodilation | ↑ |
| de Aguiar LG [135] | Metabolic Syndrome | Metformin, 1000 mg/d, Orally | 3 mo | ACh-induced vasodilation | ↑ |
| Martens FM [136] | Type 2 Diabetes | Pioglitazone, 30 mg/d, Orally | 4 wk | FMD | ↑ |
| Mittermayer [137] | Free fatty Acid-induced Endothelial Dysfunction | Rosiglitazone, 8 mg/d, Orally | 3 wk | ACh-induced vasodilation | ↑ |
| Wang [138] | Metabolic Syndrome | Rosiglitazone, 4 mg/d, Orally | 8 wk | FMD | ↑ |
| Esposito [139] | Metabolic Syndrome | Rosiglitazone, 4 mg/d, Orally | 12 mo | FMD, Adiponectin, CRP, IL-6, IL-18 | FMD↑, Adiponectin ↑, CRP ↓, IL-6↓, IL-18↓ |
| Hypolipidemic Agents | |||||
| Ceriello [140] | High-Fat and Glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction | Atorvastatin, 40 mg/d, Orally | 4 d | FMD, ICAM-1, nitrotyrosine, IL-6 | FMD ↑, ICAM-1 ↓, nitrotyrosine↓, IL-6↓ |
| Economides PA [141] | Type 2 Diabetes | Atorvastatin, 40 mg/d, Orally | 12 wk | FMD | ↑ |
| Shimabukuro [142] | Obesity | Fluvastatin, 20 to 40 mg/d, Orally | 12 wk | Peak FBF during reactive hyperemia | ↑ |
| Evans [143] | Type 2 Diabetes | Ciprofibrate, 100 mg/d, Orally | 3 mo | FMD | ↑ |
| Avogaro [144] | Type 2 Diabetes | Gemfibrozil, 1200 mg/d, Orally | 12 wk | FMD | ↑ |
| Koh [145] | Metabolic Syndrome | Fenofibrate, 200 mg/d, Orally | 2 mo | FMD | ↑ |
| Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers | |||||
| Hermann [54] | Type 2 Diabetes | Quinapril, 20 mg/d, Orally | 2 mo | Insulin-induced Δforearm blood flow | ↑ |
| Koh [146] | Metabolic Syndrome | Losartan, 100 mg/d, Orally | 2 mo | FMD | ↑ |
| O'Driscoll [147] | Type 2 Diabetes | Enalapril, 20 mg/d, Orally | 4 wk | ACh-induced vasodilation | ↑ |
| Combination Therapies | |||||
| Koh [148] | Metabolic Syndrome | Atorvastatin, 10 mg/d + Fenofibrate, 200 mg/d | 2 mo | FMD | ↑ |
| Koh [149] | Type 2 Diabetes | Simvastatin 20 mg/d + Ramipril 10 mg/d | 2 mo | FMD | ↑ |
| Ceriello [140] | High-Fat and Glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction | Atorvastatin, 40 mg/d + Irbesartan, 300 mg/d | 4 d | FMD, ICAM-1, nitrotyrosine, IL-6 | FMD ↑, ICAM-1 ↓, nitrotyrosine↓, IL-6↓ |
| Sola [106] | Metabolic Syndrome | Irbesartan, 150 mg/d + Lipoic acid, 300 mg/d | 4 wk | FMD | ↑ |
FMD, flow-mediated dilation; CRP, c-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-18, interleukin-18; BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; CAD, coronary heart disease; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; Ach, acetylcholine; ET-1, endothelin-1; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; FBF, forearm blood flow