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Visible-light induced bactericidal activities of TiO2–related substrates against B. subtilis after illumination at 4°C. Illumination was carried out at a light density of 3×104 lux (90 mW/cm2) for either 1 or 5 min. “Without illumination” indicates experiments conducted in a dark room without illumination. **P<0.01, compared to both respective cover glass groups and without visible light illumination TiO2 (N) groups.
