Table 1.

Test trials for children taught tog for the bottle-opener, and meb for the rectangle

condition	qty.	pictures [T=Target]	spoken target
both-novel; test novel neighbor	3	bottle-opener T, rectangle	“tog”
both-novel; test novel non-neigh.	3	bottle-opener, rectangle T	“Meb”
one-novel; test novel neighbor	2	bottle-opener T, dog	“tog”
one-novel; test novel non-neigh.	2	rectangle T, car	“meb”
one-novel; test famil. source word	2	bottle-opener, dog T	“dog”
one-novel; test famil. non-neigh.	2	rectangle, car T	“car”

Sample trial types in Experiment 1. Trial structure for the children taught tog and meb for the bottle-opener and rectangle. Other children were taught gall and shang. The horizontal line divides the first and second trial blocks; trials were quasirandomly ordered within blocks. Eleven additional “both-familiar” filler trials, not shown here, displayed pairs of familiar objects and named one of them using its appropriate label. “Both-novel” and “one-novel” refer to whether the displayed pictures included two novel objects, or one. Neigh. abbreviates neighbor and famil. abbreviates familiar. The number of trials of each type is given under “qty.” Children taught gall and shang were tested on one-novel trials picturing a ball or a baby rather than a dog or car.