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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jan 5.
Published in final edited form as: Novartis Found Symp. 2007;286:99–203. doi: 10.1002/9780470985571.ch9

Fig. 2. The UPR-SRA two-hit model of macrophage apoptosis.

Fig. 2

UPR activation by FC loading or other UPR activators known to be present in advanced atherosclerotic lesions provides the potential for apoptosis through the UPR effector CHOP. However, apoptosis does not occur unless a second hit is present, which in the case of macrophage apoptosis is engagement of the SRA. Ongoing mechanistic suggest that the SRA both triggers a pro-apoptotic JNK pathway and inhibits a cell survival pathway.