Table 2.

Peak and time to peak strain rates during systole and diastole

	Controls		Cyclists
	Peak	Time to peak	Peak	Time to peak
Systole
Longitudinal SR (s−1)	−1.08 ± 0.15	45 ± 9	−1.01 ± 0.13	49 ± 5
Radial SR (s−1)
Basal level	1.64 ± 0.35	41 ± 14	1.39 ± 0.33*	41 ± 12
Apical level	1.59 ± 0.33	47 ± 17	1.33 ± 0.22*	57 ± 14
Circumferential SR (s−1)
Basal level	−1.15 ± 0.29	38 ± 10	−1.02 ± 0.23	40 ± 12
Apical level	−1.15 ± 0.28	53 ± 8	−1.01 ± 0.19	50 ± 8
Rotational rate (deg s−1)
Basal level	−68.2 ± 23.0	51 ± 12	−56.5 ± 16.8	55 ± 8
Apical level	56.1 ± 20.4	26 ± 10	35.8 ± 15.0**	26 ± 6
Torsional rate (deg s−1)	72.3 ± 22.9	49 ± 12	48.5 ± 17.7**	59 ± 17*
Diastole
Longitudinal SR (s−1)	1.55 ± 0.33	138 ± 9	1.38 ± 0.25	138 ± 7
Radial SR (s−1)
Basal level	−1.58 ± 0.35	137 ± 21	−1.33 ± 0.30*	135 ± 26
Apical level	−2.12 ± 0.49	144 ± 13	−1.72 ± 0.59*	150 ± 10
Circumferential SR (s−1)
Basal level	1.25 ± 0.41	129 ± 15	1.14 ± 0.28	132 ± 19
Apical level	1.36 ± 0.29	147 ± 8	1.32 ± 0.29	144 ± 11
Rotational rate (deg.s−1)
Basal level	47.6 ± 15.8	123 ± 24	54.5 ± 23.9	118 ± 17
Apical level	−47.1 ± 29.5	170 ± 11	−44.0 ± 14.0	175 ± 8
Torsional rate (deg s−1)	−72.9 ± 20.7	121 ± 14	−68.2 ± 33.5	122 ± 24

SR: Strain rate; Time to peak expressed as percentage of systolic duration. Significantly different from sedentary subjects:

^*P < 0.05

^**P < 0.01.