Table 3.

Peak rotations and torsion of the subendocardial and subepicardial layers

	Controls		Cyclists
	Subendocardial layer	Subepicardial layer	Subendocardial layer	Subepicardial layer
Basal rotation (deg)	−6.0 ± 3.6	−4.1 ± 3.0†††	−4.5 ± 2.8	−3.6 ± 2.5
Apical rotation (deg)	4.0 ± 3.4	3.0 ± 2.3	1.3 ± 2.1*	1.2 ± 1.5**
Torsion (deg)	10.0 ± 4.3	7.3 ± 2.4†††	5.8 ± 3.1***	4.7 ± 2.6**

Significantly different from sedentary subjects:

^*P < 0.05

^**P < 0.01

^***P < 0.001.

Significantly different from subendocardial layer:

^†††P < 0.001.