Table 3.
Comparison of Light and Heavy Smokers on Psychosocial Questionnaires
| Variable | LS (n = 86) | MHS (n = 286) | p-value (unadjusted) |
|---|---|---|---|
| WISDM-68 | |||
| Affiliative Attachment | 3.1 (1.8) | 4.0 (1.9) | <.01 |
| Automaticity | 3.9 (1.7) | 4.8 (1.6) | <.01 |
| Loss of Control | 4.0 (1.7) | 5.0 (1.5) | <.01 |
| Behavioral Choice/Melioration | 3.1 (1.5) | 4.0 (1.7) | <.01 |
| Cognitive Enhancement | 3.4 (1.8) | 4.1 (1.8) | <.01 |
| Craving | 4.5 (1.7) | 5.3 (1.5) | <.01 |
| Cue Exposure | 4.3 (1.4) | 4.9 (1.4) | <.01 |
| Positive Reinforcement | 3.7 (1.5) | 4.4 (1.7) | <.01 |
| Negative Reinforcement | 4.1 (1.6) | 4.8 (1.6) | <.01 |
| Social/Environmental Goads | 4.3 (2.0) | 4.5 (2.1) | .52 |
| Taste and Sensory Processes | 4.3 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.6) | <.01 |
| Tolerance | 4.4 (1.6) | 5.4 (1.4) | <.01 |
| Weight Control | 3.3 (1.7) | 3.4 (1.8) | .59 |
| Total | 50.3 (17.1) | 59.5 (16.3) | <.01 |
| Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale | |||
| Anger | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.1) | .92 |
| Anxiety | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.1 (1.0) | .23 |
| Concentration Difficulty | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.9) | .01 |
| Craving | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.7) | <.01 |
| Hunger | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.8) | .79 |
| Sadness | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.7 (0.9) | .28 |
| Sleep Problems | 2.0 (0.9) | 2.1 (1.0) | .12 |
| Smoking: Self-Efficacy Scale | |||
| Positive Affect/Social | 9.1 (2.3) | 8.1 (2.7) | <.01 |
| Negative Affect | 8.3 (2.8) | 7.2 (2.9) | <.01 |
| Habitual/Craving | 9.5 (2.1) | 8.6 (2.7) | <.01 |
| Total | 27.0 (5.7) | 23.9 (7.4) | <.01 |
| Positive and Negative Affect Scale | |||
| Positive Affect | 34.3 (8.4) | 32.0 (8.7) | .03 |
| Negative Affect | 18.8 (6.9) | 20.8 (9.3) | .07 |
| CES-D | 14.4 (9.7) | 17.5 (12.2) | .03 |
| Perceived Stress Scale | 5.8 (2.6) | 6.5 (3.3) | .06 |
| Alcoholic drinks/day | 1.2 (1.6) | 1.4 (3.1) | .46 |
| Binges in past 3 months | 3.0 (5.8) | 2.2 (5.9) | .30 |
Note: LS = 5-10 CPD; MHS = ≥ 11 CPD; WISDM-68 = Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale