Table 2.

Estimates of parameters describing the relative effects of spatial and phylogenetic effects on traits in three orders of mammals. As described in the text, these effects are estimated by fitting either a single parameter ϕ that measures the relative contributions of phylogenetic and spatial processes or a further parameter λ that allows for a separate phylogenetic and non-phylogenetic component to trait variation in addition to the spatial effect. The table shows the maximum-likelihood value of ϕ when estimated singly, as well as jointly estimated with λ. Note that if the maximum-likelihood value of ϕ is 1, then the value of λ cannot be estimated as ϕ=1 indicates that there is no non-spatial component to trait variation. The right-hand side of the table lists the joint model where the composite parameters summarize the net relative effects of phylogeny λ′, spatial effects and variation independent of both (see text for details).

		single parameter		both parameters			composite parameters
		ϕ	L	ϕ	λ	L	independent (γ)	phylogenetic (λ′)	spatial (ϕ)
carnivores	mass	0.237	−91.51	0.237	1.000	−91.51	0.000	0.763	0.237
	temp	1.000	−652.70	1.000	n.a.	−652.70	0.000	0.000	1.000
	range	0.505	−512.94	0.000	0.000	−477.83	1.000	0.000	0.000
artiodactyls	mass	0.109	−78.59	0.109	1.000	−78.59	0.000	0.891	0.109
	temp	1.000	−583.79	1.000	n.a.	−583.79	0.000	0.000	1.000
	range	0.908	−424.64	0.512	0.000	−399.73	0.488	0.000	0.512
primates	mass	0.086	−29.50	0.071	0.999	−29.54	0.001	0.928	0.071
	temp	0.983	−436.66	0.943	0.000	−421.17	0.057	0.000	0.943
	range	0.844	−927.45	0.000	0.216	−887.52	0.784	0.216	0.000