Table 1.
Dependence constructs, internal consistency and validity results
| Correlationsa | Linear regression, controlling for treatment and study (B, SE)b, ‡ | Logistic regression, controlling for treatment and study (Wald, OR)c | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subscale (Number of items) | Target construct | α | FTND | TDS | Cig/day | CO | Increase in withdrawal symptoms on the quit day | 1-week abstinence | End of treatment (8-week) abstinence | 6-month abstinence |
| NDSS Drive (8) | Characterized by craving, withdrawal and smoking compulsions | .59 | .28† | .41† | .12† | .08** | .05, .02** .19, 05** |
.22, .97 | .02, .99 | .55, 1.06 |
| NDSS Priority (8) | Characterized by preference for smoking over other reinforcers | .43 | .27† | .24† | .18† | .04 | .004, .02 .04, .04 |
8.86, 1.21** | 11.90, 1.28** | 7.78, 1.28** |
| NDSS Tolerance (8) | Characterized by reduced sensitivity to the effects of smoking | .30 | .29† | .11† | .29† | .14† | .00, .02 -.03, .04 |
2.35, 1.10 | .58, 1.05 | .13, 1.03 |
| NDSS Continuity (8) | Characterized by the regularity of smoking rate | .46 | .19† | -.06 | .13† | .14† | .02, .02 -.02, .05 |
.02, 1.01 | .16, .97 | .05, .98 |
| NDSS Stereotypy (8) | Characterized by the invariance of smoking across situations | .47 | .28† | -.04 | .26† | .10† | -.01, .02 -.07, .04 |
7.67, 1.20** | 1.22, 1.08 | 1.92, 1.12 |
| NDSS Total (14) | .79 | .50† | .37† | .35† | .15† | .03, .02 .11, .05* |
6.27, 1.20** | 4.43, 1.17* | 5.31, 1.23* | |
| WISDM Affiliative Attachment (5) | Characterized by a strong emotional attachment to smoking and cigarettes | .88 | .31† | .28† | .19† | .06 | .01, .01 .04, .03 |
.91, 1.04 | .04, .99 | .36, 1.03 |
| WISDM Automaticity (5) | Characterized by smoking without awareness or intention | .90 | .46† | .24† | .37† | .22† | .01, .01 .01, .03 |
7.41, 1.11** | 5.33, 1.10* | 8.89, 1.15** |
| WISDM Control (4) | Based on the notion that once dependence becomes ingrained, the dependent person believes that he or she has lost volitional control over drug use | .78 | .40† | .33† | .29† | .19† | .01, .01 .04, .03 |
.67, 1.04 | 1.30, 1.06 | 1.18, 1.06 |
| WISDM Behavioral Choice/Melioration (7) | Characterized by smoking despite constraints on smoking or negative consequences and/or the lack of other options or reinforcers | .84 | .36† | .33† | .21† | .07* | .01, .01 .05, .03 |
.67, 1.04 | .38, .97 | .32, .97 |
| WISDM Cognitive Enhancement (5) | Characterized by smoking to improve cognitive functioning (e.g., attention) | .92 | .23† | .27† | .16† | .04 | .02, .01 .09, .03** |
.02, 1.01 | .16, .98 | .02, .99 |
| WISDM Cravings (4) | Characterized by smoking in response to craving or experiencing intense and/or frequent urges to smoke | .80 | .41† | .35† | .25† | .11† | .02, .01 .07, .04 |
4.66, 1.11* | .08, 1.02 | 1.02, 1.06 |
| WISDM Cue Exposure/Associative Processes (7) | Characterized by frequent encounters with nonsocial smoking cues or a strong perceived link between cue exposure and the desire or tendency to smoke | .80 | .20† | .32† | .10† | .03 | .02, .01 .10, .04* |
.03, .99 | .00, 1.00 | .05, 1.01 |
| WISDM Negative Reinforcement (6) | Characterized by the tendency or desire to smoke in order to ameliorate negative internal states | .86 | .22† | .34† | .10† | .04 | .03, .01* .08, .03**. |
.19, 1.02 | .13, 1.02 | .27, 1.03 |
| WISDM Positive Reinforcement (5) | Characterized by the desire to smoke in order to experience a “buzz” or a “high,” or to enhance an already positive feeling or experience | .86 | .20† | .23† | .12† | .03 | .02, .01* .06, .03 |
.05, 1.01 | .14, .98 | .03, 1.01 |
| WISDM Social/Environmental Goads (4) | Characterized by social stimuli or contexts that either model or invite smoking | .94 | .09** | .04 | .10† | -.04 | -.01, .01 -.04, .02 |
6.66, 1.09** | 9.12, 1.12** | 2.19, 1.07 |
| WISDM Taste/Sensory Properties (6) | Characterized by the desire or tendency to smoke in order to experience the orosensory/gustatory effects of smoking | .88 | .17† | .16† | .12† | .04 | .01, .01 .04, .03 |
.72, .96 | .11, 1.02 | .47, 1.04 |
| WISDM Tolerance (5) | Characterized by the need to smoke increasing amounts over time and the tendency to smoke large amounts | .74 | .71† | .25† | .43† | .28† | -.002, .01 .002, .03 |
20.72, 1.24† | 7.65, 1.15** | 11.04, 1.21† |
| WISDM Weight Control (5) | Characterized by the use of cigarettes to control body weight or appetite | .90 | .05 | .19† | .04 | .01 | .02, .01 .000, .03 |
.04, .99 | .41, .98 | .38, .97 |
| WISDM Total (68) | .96 | .44† | .39† | .29† | .13† | .002, .001 .01, .004 |
3.08, 1.01 | 1.11, 1.01 | 1.72, 1.01 | |
| FTND (6) | Physical dependence | .64 | ---- | .26† | .54† | .34† | .003, .01 .02, .02 |
37.23, 1.20† | 14.21, 1.13** | 12.93, 1.14† |
| TDS (10) | DSM-IV dependence criteria | .64 | .26† | ---- | .12† | .07* | .02, .01 .04, .03 |
3.31, 1.06 | 1.95, 1.05 | 4.73, 1.09* |
*
p < .05, the Bonferroni corrected alpha for the 22 comparisons for each dependent variable
**
p ≤ .01, the Bonferroni corrected alpha for the 22 comparisons for each dependent variable
†
p ≤ .002, the Bonferroni corrected alpha for the 22 comparisons for each dependent variable
‡
Data from Study 1 and Study 2 were analyzed separately due to separate withdrawal metrics. Study 1 results are in standard font and Study 2 results are in italics.
α = Cronbach’s alpha
a
N’s range from 1,026-1,070.
b
N’s range from 594-603 for Study 1 and 378-296 for Study 2.
c
N’s range from1,038-1,070.