Table 2. Bivariate analysis of factors associated with Schistosoma hematobium, Blantyre schistosomiasis survey, Malawi, 2006.
Risk factor | N | No. infected† | OR (95% CI)‡ |
Age | |||
≥14 yrs | 92 | 6 | 1 |
≤7 yrs | 63 | 2 | 0.57 (0.52–6.19) |
8–10 yrs | 562 | 46 | 1.75 (0.65–4.72) |
11–13 yrs | 414 | 69 | 3.43 (1.35–8.68) |
Socio-economic status | |||
High | 249 | 6 | 1 |
Moderate | 388 | 47 | 3.56 (1.11–11.42) |
Low | 502 | 70 | 4.56 (1.25–16.61) |
Gender | |||
Female | 547 | 42 | 1 |
Male | 587 | 80 | 1.89 (1.10–3.23) |
Main household water source | |||
Piped water | 437 | 28 | 1 |
Borehole | 493 | 64 | 2.13 (0.79–7.74) |
Wells/River/Streams/Dams/springs | 206 | 30 | 2.63 (1.07–6.46) |
Location | |||
Urban | 444 | 19 | 1 |
Rural | 695 | 104 | 4.50 (1.95–10.39) |
Knowledge of open water source | |||
No | 474 | 17 | 1 |
Yes | 657 | 106 | 4.43 (2.91–6.76) |
Distance from home to open water source* | |||
Far/ Very far | 138 | 22 | 1 |
Close/ Very close | 509 | 78 | 1.09 (0.63–1.89) |
Play/bath in open water source* | |||
No | 69 | 10 | 1 |
Yes | 580 | 95 | 1.21 (0.35–4.10) |
Frequency of open water source contact* | |||
>Monthly | 74 | 12 | 1 |
Daily/Weekly | 505 | 83 | 1.18 (0.58–2.40) |
History of dysuria | |||
No | 874 | 77 | 1 |
Yes | 250 | 46 | 1.97 (0.89–4.34) |
History of schistosomiasis | |||
No | 830 | 50 | 1 |
Yes | 303 | 73 | 4.16 (2.35–7.35) |
History of schistosomiasis treatment | |||
No | 1023 | 104 | 1 |
Yes | 112 | 19 | 1.61 (0.74–3.49) |
Distance from school to nearest open water source | |||
≥1 km | 696 | 25 | 1 |
<1 km | 443 | 98 | 5.52 (2.12–14.39) |
*: Base population are the 657 pupils with knowledge of open water source.
†: Infection characterized by parasitological examination of urine.
‡: Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are weighted and account for stratification and clustering.