Table 2. Bivariate analysis of factors associated with Schistosoma hematobium, Blantyre schistosomiasis survey, Malawi, 2006.
| Risk factor | N | No. infected† | OR (95% CI)‡ |
| Age | |||
| ≥14 yrs | 92 | 6 | 1 |
| ≤7 yrs | 63 | 2 | 0.57 (0.52–6.19) |
| 8–10 yrs | 562 | 46 | 1.75 (0.65–4.72) |
| 11–13 yrs | 414 | 69 | 3.43 (1.35–8.68) |
| Socio-economic status | |||
| High | 249 | 6 | 1 |
| Moderate | 388 | 47 | 3.56 (1.11–11.42) |
| Low | 502 | 70 | 4.56 (1.25–16.61) |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 547 | 42 | 1 |
| Male | 587 | 80 | 1.89 (1.10–3.23) |
| Main household water source | |||
| Piped water | 437 | 28 | 1 |
| Borehole | 493 | 64 | 2.13 (0.79–7.74) |
| Wells/River/Streams/Dams/springs | 206 | 30 | 2.63 (1.07–6.46) |
| Location | |||
| Urban | 444 | 19 | 1 |
| Rural | 695 | 104 | 4.50 (1.95–10.39) |
| Knowledge of open water source | |||
| No | 474 | 17 | 1 |
| Yes | 657 | 106 | 4.43 (2.91–6.76) |
| Distance from home to open water source* | |||
| Far/ Very far | 138 | 22 | 1 |
| Close/ Very close | 509 | 78 | 1.09 (0.63–1.89) |
| Play/bath in open water source* | |||
| No | 69 | 10 | 1 |
| Yes | 580 | 95 | 1.21 (0.35–4.10) |
| Frequency of open water source contact* | |||
| >Monthly | 74 | 12 | 1 |
| Daily/Weekly | 505 | 83 | 1.18 (0.58–2.40) |
| History of dysuria | |||
| No | 874 | 77 | 1 |
| Yes | 250 | 46 | 1.97 (0.89–4.34) |
| History of schistosomiasis | |||
| No | 830 | 50 | 1 |
| Yes | 303 | 73 | 4.16 (2.35–7.35) |
| History of schistosomiasis treatment | |||
| No | 1023 | 104 | 1 |
| Yes | 112 | 19 | 1.61 (0.74–3.49) |
| Distance from school to nearest open water source | |||
| ≥1 km | 696 | 25 | 1 |
| <1 km | 443 | 98 | 5.52 (2.12–14.39) |
*: Base population are the 657 pupils with knowledge of open water source.
†: Infection characterized by parasitological examination of urine.
‡: Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are weighted and account for stratification and clustering.