Fig. 4.

The median proportion of time (column with error bars representing minimum and maximum values) the study elephants conducted significant cyclical movements at different frequencies differed when within human-dominated communal areas or protected areas. (A) During the dry season when resources are limited, diurnal cyclical movements occurred predominantly within predator-free protected areas (Wilcoxon signed rank Z = −12, P = 0.023), whereas multiday cycles typically occurred in human-dominated regions outside protected areas, although not significantly (Z = 3, P = 0.125). (B) No differences were found during the wet season when resources are relatively abundant. Where columns are missing, median values were zero.