Table 1.
Risk factors for fatal outcome
| Characteristic | Case fatality rate (deaths/no at risk)* | Univariate analysis OR (95%CI) | p | Multivariate analysis, adjusted OR (95%CI), P † |
| Overall | 15.3% (51/333) | |||
| Age (no of years)‡ | NA | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.071 | Removed (p = 0.433) |
| Sex: | 0.682 | Removed (p = 0.257) |
||
| Female | 14.5% (24/165) | 1 | ||
| Male | 16.2% (27/167) | 1.13 (0.62–2.06) | ||
| Malaria parasitemia | 0.859 | |||
| Negative | 15.6% (40/257) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 14.3% (4/28) | 0.90 (0.30–2.75) | ||
| Malaria parasitemia (graded 1–5)‡ |
NA | 1.02 (0.75–1.40) | 0.889 | |
| High parasitemia | 0.261 | |||
| <5% of erythrocytes | 14.8% (40/270) | 1 | ||
| ≥ 5% of erythrocytes | 27.3% (3/11) | 2.16 (0.55–8.52) | ||
| Initial diagnosis | 0.936 | |||
| Other than malaria | 15.3% (43/282) | 1 | ||
| Presumptive malaria | 15.7% (8/51) | 1.03 (0.45 – 2.35) | ||
| Retrospective diagnosis | 0.166 | Removed (p = 0.401) |
||
| Other than malaria | 20.9% (39/187) | 1 | ||
| Verified malaria | 8.7% (2/23) | 0.36 (0.08 – 1.62) | ||
| HIV test result | 0.103 | Removed (p = 0.290) |
||
| Negative | 10.7% (9/84) | 1 | ||
| Positive | 18.6% (35/188) | 1.91 (0.87–4.19) | ||
| CDC HIV stage‡§ | NA | 1.36 (1.04–1.78) | 0.026 | 1.87 (1.01–3.47) p = 0.048 |
| Anti retroviral therapy | 0.953 | |||
| Not on ART | 15.4% (45/293) | 1 | ||
| On ART | 15.0% (6/40) | 0.97 (0.39–2.45) | ||
| Hypotension | 0.057 | 4.02 (1.01–15.89) p = 0.048 |
||
| No hypotension reported | 14.5% (46/318) | 1 | ||
| Blood pressure <90 mmHg | 33.3% (5/15) | 2.96 (0.97–9.04) | ||
| Neck stiffness | 0.323 | |||
| No neck stiffness reported | 15.8% (50/317) | 1 | ||
| Stiff neck | 6.3% (1/16) | 0.36 (0.05–2.76) | ||
| Cough | 0.757 | |||
| No cough reported | 14.9% (36/241) | 1 | ||
| Coughing | 16.3% (15/92) | 1.11 (0.58–2.14) | ||
| Diarrhoea | 0.862 | |||
| No diarrhoea reported | 15.5% (43/278) | 1 | ||
| Diarrhoea present | 14.5% (8/55) | 0.93 (0.41–2.11) | ||
| Serum creatinine | 0.907 | |||
| < 175 μmol/L or not tested | 15.2% (44/289) | 1 | ||
| ≥ 175 μmol/L | 15.9% (7/44) | 1.05 (0.44–2.51) | ||
| Platelet counts | 0.008 | 2.23 (0.94–5.33) p = 0.070 |
||
| ≥ 100 × 109/L or not tested | 13.1% (37/283) | 1 | ||
| <100 × 109/L | 28.0% (14/50) | 2.59 (1.27–4.5.25) | ||
| Blood-glucose | <0.001 | 13.57 (2.69–68.45) p = 0.002 |
||
| ≥ 2.2 mmol/L or not tested | 14.2% (46/324) | 1 | ||
| <2.2 mmol/L | 55.6% (5/9) | 7.55 (1.96–29.18) |
CFR case-fatality rate, OR odds ratio, 95%CI 95% confidence interval, NA not applicable, CDC Centers for Disease Control, MPS = malaria parasite slide. * The number of observations in the CFR column varies because some patients' test results were not known. † 189 observations in final model ‡The Odds Ratio estimates for quantitative/ordinal variables are approximations to the odds ratio for a one unit increase. § 0 = negative, 1 = CDC stage A, 2 = CDC stage B, 3 = CDC stage C.