Table 4.

Multivariate model of factors associate with emergency department(ED) use

Variable	OR (95%CI)
Socio demographic variables
Health insurance
No (Reference)	1.0
Yes	0.8 (0.6, 1.0)
Income
<$22,500	2.4 (1.8, 3.3)
$22,500-39,999	1.6 (1.2, 2.2)
$40,000-59,999	1.4 (1.0, 2.0)
$60,000-89,999	1.4 (1.0, 1.9)
$90,000+ (Reference)	1.0
Age
≤30 (Reference)	1.0
31-40	0.9 (0.7, 1.3)
41-50	1.1 (0.8, 1.5)
51-65	1.2 (0.9, 1.6)
>65	1.3 (0.9, 1.9)
Headache specific variables
MIDAS headache disability score
0-5 (Reference)	1.0
6-10	1.4 (1.1, 1.7)
11-20	1.5 (1.2, 2.0)
>20	1.9 (1.5, 2.5)
Acute medication use
-OTC only (Reference)	1.0
-Opiate, prescription NSAID	1.5(1.2, 1.8)
-Triptan or DHE	1.7(1.4, 2.1)
Preventative medication
-None (Reference)	1.0
-Any	1.1(1.0, 1.4)
Health professional seen most often for HA
-None (Reference)	1.0
-Primary care	0.8 (0.6, 1.0)
- Headache specialist	2.0 (1.5, 2.7)
Other healthcare variables
Use of ED or urgent care (UC) for non-headache reasons
0 (Reference)	1.0
≥1	11.9 (9.8, 14.5)
Depression screener (PHQ9)
Normal (Reference)	1.0
Elevated	1.3(1.0, 1.6)

PHQ>=4 was considered elevated