Table 5.

Multivariate model of factors associate with frequent (≥4 visits) emergency department use

Variable	OR (95%CI)
Socio demographic variables
Health insurance
No (Reference)	1.0
Yes	0.6 (0.3, 1.2)
Income
<$22,500	11.5 (2.9, 45.3)
$22,500-39,999	5.3 (1.3, 21.5)
$40,000-59,999	2.8 (0.6, 13.0)
$60,000-89,999	3.7 (0.9, 16.4)
$90,000+ (Reference)	1.0
Age
≤30 (Reference)	1.0
31-40	0.8 (0.3, 1.9)
41-50	0.7 (0.3, 1.6)
51-65	0.7 (0.3, 1.6)
>65	0.5 (0.1, 1.7)
Headache specific variables
MIDAS headache disability score
0-5 (Reference)	1.0
6-10	1.6 (0.7, 3.9)
11-20	3.1 (1.3, 7.3)
>20	3.7 (1.7, 8.3)
Acute medication use
-OTC only (Reference)	1.0
-Opiate, prescription NSAID	1.4 (0.7, 2.6)
-Triptan or DHE	1.8 (1.0, 3.2)
Preventative medication
-None	1.0
-Any	1.5 (0.9, 2.7)
Health professional seen most often for HA
-None (Reference)	1.0
-Primary care	1.0(0.5, 1.9)
- Headache specialist	2.7(1.2, 6.1)
Other healthcare variables
Frequent use of ED or urgent care (UC) for non-headache reasons
0 (Reference)	1.0
≥4	42.0 (23.6, 74.9)
Depression screener (PHQ9)
Normal (Reference)	1.0
Elevated	1.2 (0.6, 2.5)

PHQ>=4 was considered elevated