Table 3.
Total cancer incidence and cancer mortality according to randomization status in the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study*
| Vitamin C |
Vitamin E |
Beta carotene |
||||||||||
| No. of case subjects |
No. of case subjects |
No. of case subjects |
||||||||||
| Active | Placebo | RR (95% CI)† | Pinteraction‡ | Active | Placebo | RR (95% CI)† | Pinteraction‡ | Active | Placebo | RR (95% CI)† | Pinteraction‡ | |
| Total cancer | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | .68 | .46 | .80 | |||||||||
| Never | 125 | 117 | 1.08 (0.84 to 1.39) | 123 | 119 | 1.04 (0.81 to 1.34) | 122 | 120 | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.28) | |||
| Past | 147 | 127 | 1.13 (0.89 to 1.43) | 126 | 148 | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.07) | 135 | 139 | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.25) | |||
| Current | 57 | 51 | 1.19 (0.82 to 1.74) | 51 | 57 | 0.93 (0.64 to 1.36) | 54 | 54 | 1.08 (0.74 to 1.58) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | .65 | .66 | .42 | |||||||||
| Low (≤15 g/d or ≤1 drink per d) | 306 | 273 | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.30) | 277 | 302 | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.08) | 286 | 293 | 0.98 (0.83 to 1.16) | |||
| High (>15 g/d or >1 drink per d) | 23 | 22 | 1.28 (0.71 to 2.30) | 23 | 22 | 1.04 (0.58 to 1.88) | 25 | 20 | 1.25 (0.69 to 2.25) | |||
| Body mass index | .33 | .16 | .76 | |||||||||
| <25 mg/m2 | 85 | 66 | 1.29 (0.94 to 1.78) | 63 | 88 | 0.75 (0.54 to 1.04) | 81 | 70 | 1.05 (0.76 to 1.45) | |||
| ≥25 mg/m2 | 244 | 229 | 1.07 (0.89 to 1.28) | 237 | 236 | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.18) | 230 | 243 | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.19) | |||
| Cancer death | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | .25 | .08 | .75 | |||||||||
| Never | 28 | 27 | 1.06 (0.62 to 1.80) | 33 | 22 | 1.50 (0.87 to 2.57) | 25 | 30 | 0.82 (0.48 to 1.39) | |||
| Past | 42 | 31 | 1.29 (0.81 to 2.05) | 28 | 45 | 0.62 (0.39 to 0.99) | 33 | 40 | 0.84 (0.53 to 1.33) | |||
| Current | 29 | 19 | 1.65 (0.93 to 2.95) | 21 | 27 | 0.80 (0.45 to 1.41) | 22 | 26 | 0.94 (0.53 to 1.65) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | .97 | .41 | .76 | |||||||||
| Low (≤15 g/d or ≤1 drink per d | 93 | 71 | 1.29 (0.94 to 1.75) | 75 | 89 | 0.84 (0.62 to 1.14) | 74 | 90 | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.13) | |||
| High (>15 g/d or >1 drink per d) | 6 | 6 | 1.22 (0.39 to 3.80) | 7 | 5 | 1.46 (0.46 to 4.63) | 6 | 6 | 0.99 (0.32 to 3.06) | |||
| Body mass index | .08 | .53 | .65 | |||||||||
| <25 mg/m2 | 44 | 17 | 2.00 (1.12 to 3.58) | 21 | 30 | 0.74 (0.42 to 1.29) | 26 | 25 | 0.93 (0.54 to 1.62) | |||
| ≥25 mg/m2 | 65 | 60 | 1.08 (0.76 to 1.54) | 61 | 64 | 0.92 (0.65 to 1.31) | 54 | 71 | 0.80 (0.56 to 1.14) | |||
*
Hazard ratios are presented as relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
†
RR is the rate in the treatment group compared with the rate in the placebo group for each agent.
‡
Two-sided, based on the chi-square test for interaction.