TABLE 3.
Energy balance, body weight, and adiposity1
| 8.5-h bedtime | 5.5-h bedtime | Difference 5.5–8.5 h | |
| Energy intake from meals (kcal/d) | 2536 ± 943 | 2611 ± 873 | 76 ± 368 |
| Energy intake from snacks (kcal/d) | 866 ± 365 | 1087 ± 541 | 221 ± 2832 |
| Snack intake from 0700–1900 (kcal, n = 10) | 624 ± 355 | 737 ± 374 | 113 ± 226 |
| Snack intake from 1900–0700 (kcal, n = 10) | 236 ± 227 | 371 ± 272 | 136 ± 1603 |
| Total energy intake (TEI, kcal/d) | 3402 ± 974 | 3699 ± 903 | 297 ± 4404 |
| Total energy expenditure (TEE, kcal/d) | 2390 ± 369 | 2526 ± 537 | 136 ± 437 |
| Resting metabolic rate (RMR, kcal/d) | 1617 ± 267 | 1655 ± 321 | 38 ± 162 |
| Thermic effect of food (% of energy intake) | 6.6 ± 1.8 | 7.3 ± 1.6 | 0.7 ± 1.6 |
| Activity energy expenditure (kcal/d) | 546 ± 221 | 599 ± 427 | 53 ± 400 |
| Physical activity level (TEE/RMR) | 1.49 ± 0.16 | 1.54 ± 0.28 | 0.05 ± 0.27 |
| Energy balance (TEI minus TEE, kcal/d) | 1012 ± 744 | 1173 ± 764 | 161 ± 346 |
| Initial body weight (kg) | 75.0 ± 9.0 | 77.3 ± 10.2 | 2.2 ± 3.45 |
| Initial body fat (kg) | 24.3 ± 6.9 | 25.6 ± 5.9 | 1.3 ± 2.5 |
| Initial fat-free soft tissue mass (kg) | 47.8 ± 11.7 | 48.8 ± 12.2 | 1.0 ± 1.65 |
| 14-d Change in body weight (kg) | 2.1 ± 2.1 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | −0.2 ± 1.3 |
| 14-d Change in body fat (kg, n = 10) | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 0.2 ± 0.6 |
| 14-d Change in fat-free soft tissue (kg, n = 10) | 0.6 ± 1.5 | 0.3 ± 1.3 | −0.3 ± 1.1 |
1
All values are mean ± SD (n = 11 unless otherwise specified).
2
P = 0.026 controlling for baseline weight and treatment period.
3
P < 0.01 controlling for baseline weight and treatment period.
4
P = 0.04 accounting only for the crossover design, but not significant (P = 0.46) when baseline weight and treatment period were controlled for in the generalized estimating equation model.
5
P = 0.06 by paired t test.