Table 2.
Hazard Ratio of type 2 diabetes by quintiles of food groups, the Shanghai Women's Health Study
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P trend* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All vegetables Median ** | 121.5 | 181.6 | 236.0 | 302.6 | 428.0 | ------ |
| Cases | 415 | 296 | 270 | 299 | 325 | ------- |
| person-years | 59311 | 59858 | 59904 | 59524 | 9146 | ------- |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.74 0.64-0.87 | 0.68 0.58-0.80 | 0.72 0.61-0.84 | 0.72 0.61-0.85 | <0.001 |
| Cruciferous vegetables Median | 5.0 | 10.9 | 17.0 | 25.8 | 45.2 | ------ |
| Cases | 421 | 318 | 282 | 250 | 334 | ------- |
| person-years | 59258 | 59744 | 59573 | 59738 | 59431 | ------- |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.79 0.68-0.91 | 0.69 0.60-0.81 | 0.60 0.51-0.71 | 0.72 0.61-0.83 | <0.001 |
| Green/leafy vegetables Median | 28.0 | 51.3 | 70.7 | 94.1 | 136.1 | ------ |
| Cases | 408 | 320 | 252 | 247 | 378 | ------- |
| person-years | 59409 | 59820 | 59784 | 59867 | 58864 | ------- |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.78 0.68-0.91 | 0.61 0.52-0.71 | 0.58 0.49-0.68 | 0.82 0.71-0.95 | <0.001 |
| Yellow vegetables Median | 0.04 | 0.62 | 2.00 | 5.6 | 17.3 | ------ |
| Cases | 443 | 327 | 290 | 248 | 297 | ------- |
| person-years | 58898 | 59419 | 59835 | 59552 | 59174 | ------- |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.69 0.60-0.80 | 0.63 0.54-0.73 | 0.51 0.43-0.60 | 0.55 0.47-0.64 | <0.001 |
| Allium vegetables Median | 2.2 | 4.2 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 17.9 | ------ |
| Cases | 393 | 309 | 286 | 293 | 324 | ------- |
| person-years | 59540 | 59644 | 59835 | 59552 | 59174 | ------- |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.79 0.68-0.92 | 0.70 0.60-0.81 | 0.70 0.60-0.82 | 0.69 0.59-0.81 | <0.001 |
| Tomatoes Median | 6.8 | 17.0 | 30.3 | 49.2 | 88.5 | ------ |
| Cases | 469 | 285 | 298 | 244 | 309 | ------- |
| person-years | 59080 | 59663 | 59648 | 59702 | 59651 | ------- |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.68 0.59-0.79 | 0.73 0.63-0.85 | 0.61 0.52-0.71 | 0.78 0.67-0.91 | <0.001 |
| Other vegetables Median | 40.7 | 66.8 | 90.9 | 121.4 | 181.0 | ------ |
| Cases | 398 | 285 | 317 | 286 | 319 | ------- |
| person-years | 59106 | 60016 | 59656 | 59849 | 59117 | ------- |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.76 0.65-0.88 | 0.84 0.72-0.98 | 0.76 0.64-0.89 | 0.76 0.64-0.89 | <0.01 |
| All fruits Median | 87.0 | 170.4 | 239.4 | 315.0 | 4 | ------ |
| Cases | 421 | 271 | 270 | 288 | 355 | ------- |
| person-years | 58846 | 59708 | 59733 | 59905 | 59555 | ------- |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.76 0.65-0.88 | 0.79 0.67-0.92 | 0.87 0.74-1.02 | 1.05 0.90-1.23 | 0.30 |
| Citrus fruit Median | 2.5 | 10.0 | 16.7 | 25.2 | 44.4 | ------ |
| Cases | 402 | 292 | 278 | 262 | 371 | ------ |
| Person-pears | 58437 | 59594 | 60438 | 59389 | 59886 | ------ |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.84 0.72-0.98 | 0.84 0.72-0.98 | 0.81 0.69-0.95 | 1.11 0.95-1.29 | 0.36 |
| Watermelon Median | 29.6 | 71.3 | 109.7 | 149.1 | 221.0 | ------ |
| Cases | 390 | 295 | 280 | 294 | 346 | ------ |
| Person-years | 58907 | 59953 | 59815 | 59646 | 59424 | ------ |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.84 0.72-0.98 | 0.83 0.71-0.97 | 0.90 0.77-1.05 | 1.04 0.89-1.21 | 0.47 |
| Other fruit Median | 27.6 | 67.2 | 102.2 | 142.7 | 217.6 | ------ |
| Cases | 444 | 288 | 254 | 298 | 346 | ------ |
| Person-years | 58796 | 59636 | 59743 | 59721 | 59846 | ------ |
| HR | 1.00 | 0.77 0.66-0.90 | 0.68 0.58-0.80 | 0.85 0.73-0.99 | 0.90 0.77-1.05 | 0.28 |
*
The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the effect of food group or soy protein consumption on the incidence of type 2 DM. RR: Adjusted for age, daily energy intake, meat intake, BMI, WHR, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income level, education level, occupational status, and hypertension
**
g/day
***
Tests for trend were performed by entering the categorical variables as continuous parameters in the models.