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. 2009 Jan 8;338:a2981. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2981

Table 5.

 Economic, educational, and global adversity outcomes in adulthood according to level of externalising behaviour in adolescence (none, mild, severe). Figures are percentage of survey members with adjusted* odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals

None Mild Severe Mild v none Severe v none
No educational qualifications 30.8 52.2 65.2 2.3 (1.9 to 2.8)‡ 4.0 (2.9 to 5.5)‡
Manual social class 29.7 45.6 52.0 1.7 (1.4 to 2.1)‡ 2.0 (1.5 to 2.8)‡
Unemployed at least once† 9.5 11.1 11.9 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) 1.2 (0.7 to 2.2)
Financial difficulties†:
 No problems 75.4 70.1 56.3 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) 2.1 (1.4 to 3.2)‡
 Problems reported once 17.9 22.0 31.9
 Problems reported twice or more 6.8 7.8 11.8
Global life adversity:
 Least adversity 26.6 16.0 13.4 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3)‡ 2.9 (2.1 to 4.0)‡
 2nd quarter 22.9 16.6 12.9
 3rd quarter 33.5 39.2 33.6
 Most adversity 17.0 28.3 40.1

*Adjusted for sex, father’s social class, cognitive ability, and depression/anxiety in adolescence.

†Reported at ages 36, 43, and 53.

‡Significant at P<0.05.