Table 2.

Prevalence of ectoparasites in dogs, stratified by urban or rural communities.

	Overall (n = 396)		Urban (n = 192)		Rural (n = 204)		Urban vs. Rural
	N infected	% (95%CI)	N infected	% (95%CI)	N infected	%(95%CI)	p value
Fleas
Ctenocephalides canis	127	32.1(27.5 – 6.9)	40	20.8(14.9 – 26.7)	87	42.6(35.8 – 49.7)	< 0.0001
Pulex irritans	26	6.6(4.3 – 9.5)	7	3.6(1.5 – 7.4)	19	9.3(5.7 – 14.2)	0.026
Tunga penetrans	2	0.5 (0.0 – 1.8)	0	0.0	2	1.0(0.0 – 3.5)	0.5
Mites
Demodex canis	4	1.0 (0.0 – 2.6)	0	0.0	4	2.0(0.0 – 4.9)	0.12
Otodectes sp.	39	9.8(7.1 – 13.2)	6	3.1(1.2 – 6.7)	33	16.2(11.4 – 22.0)	< 0.0001
Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis	8	2.0(0.1 – 3.4)	1	0.5(0.0 – 2.9)	7	3.4(1.3 – 6.9)	0.069
Ticks
Rhipicephalus sanguineus	76	19.2(15.4 – 23.4)	25	13.0(8.6 – 18.6)	51	25.0(19.2 – 31.5)	0.003
Ixodes sp.	18	4.5(2.7 – 7.1)	7	3.6(1.5 – 7.4)	11	5.4(2.7 – 9.4)	0.5
Lice
Trichodectes canis	42	10.6(7.8 – 14.1)	15	7.8(4.4 – 12.6)	27	13.2(8.9 – 18.7)	0.1
Number of ectoparasite species per host
One ectoparasite species	159	40.2(35.3 – 45.2)	60	31.3(24.8 – 38.3)	99	48.5(41.5 – 55.6)	< 0.0001
Two ectoparasite species	72	18.2(14.5 – 22.3)	19	9.9(6.1 – 15.0)	53	26.0(20.1 – 32.6)	< 0.0001
Three ectoparasite species	7	1.8(0.7 – 3.6)	1	0.5(0.0 – 2.9)	6	2.9(1.1 – 6.3)	0.12
Four or more ectoparasite species	1	0.3(0.0 – 1.4)	0	0.0	1	0.5(0.0 – 2.7)	1.0