Table 3.
Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analysis for Variables Predicting Respondents’ Search for Meaning in 9/11
| Step 4 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | Step 1 (β) | Step 2 (β) | Step 3 (β) | β | B | t | 95% CI |
| Age | .23** | .22** | .24** | .24** | .02 | 5.46 | .01, .02 |
| Gender: female | .15** | .15** | .09* | .08* | .17 | 2.01 | .02, .34 |
| Ethnicity: African American | −.08* | −.08* | −.06 | −.05 | −.16 | −1.28 | −.42, .09 |
| Ethnicity: Hispanic | −.06 | −.06 | −.06 | −.05 | −.17 | −1.41 | −.40, .07 |
| Ethnicity: Other race | .04 | .03 | .04 | .05 | .20 | 1.23 | −.11, .54 |
| Marital status: Single | .09* | .09* | .09* | .10* | .27 | 2.41 | .05, .49 |
| Marital status: Divorced/separated | .02 | .02 | .02 | .01 | .04 | 0.35 | −.18, .31 |
| Marital status: Widowed | .02 | .02 | .04 | .05 | .25 | 1.35 | −.11, .61 |
| Household income | .01 | .02 | .02 | .03 | .01 | 0.68 | −.01, .03 |
| College education | −.03 | −.03 | −.04 | −.07 | −.15 | −1.74 | −.31, .02 |
| Pre-9/11 psychological diagnoses | .09 | .09 | .03 | .04 | .09 | 0.96 | −.09, .27 |
| Proximity: Lived within 100 miles | .04 | .02 | .01 | .06 | 0.43 | −.21, .31 | |
| Exposure: Saw live on TV | .07 | .05 | .03 | .06 | 0.76 | −.09, .21 | |
| Exposure: Direct exposure | .04 | .02 | .01 | .08 | 0.25 | −.47, .87 | |
| Acute stress response (SASRQ) | .29** | .19** | .04 | 3.96 | .02, .06 | ||
| COPE–Self-distraction | .00 | −.01 | −0.13 | −.11, .09 | |||
| COPE–Active coping | −.03 | −.04 | −0.69 | −.15, .07 | |||
| COPE–Denial | .05 | .06 | 1.15 | −.05, .17 | |||
| COPE–Substance use | .04 | .12 | 1.11 | −.10, .34 | |||
| COPE–Emotional support | .03 | .04 | 0.58 | −.08, .17 | |||
| COPE–Instrumental support | .10* | .16 | 2.12 | .02, .31 | |||
| COPE–Behavioral disengagement | −.02 | −.04 | −0.53 | −.21, .11 | |||
| COPE–Venting | .07 | .09 | 1.51 | −.03, .22 | |||
| COPE–Positive reframing | .00 | .00 | 0.05 | −.10, .10 | |||
| COPE–Planning | .08 | .11 | 1.93 | .00, .22 | |||
| COPE–Humor | −.01 | −.05 | −0.37 | −.32, .26 | |||
| COPE–Acceptance | .02 | .03 | 0.55 | −.08, .14 | |||
| COPE–Religious coping | .03 | .03 | 0.62 | −.06, .11 | |||
| COPE–Self-blame | .02 | .09 | 0.59 | −.22, .38 | |||
Note. R2 = .10 for Step 1, p= .01; ΔR2 =.00 for Step 2, ns; ΔR2 = .08 for Step 3, p p< 01; ΔR2 =. 04 for Step 4, p < .01. Total R2 = .22 for the full model. CI = confidence interval; SASRQ = Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (Cardeña, Koopman, Classen, Waelde, & Spiegel, 2000); COPE = the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997).
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.