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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jan 11.
Published in final edited form as: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008 Sep;95(3):709–722. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.709

Table 4.

Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analysis for Variables Predicting Respondents’ Abilities to Find Meaning in 9/11

Step 4
Predictor Step 1 (β) Step 2 (β) Step 3 (β) β B t 95% CI
Age .06 .06 .05 .08 .01 1.58 .00, .01
Gender: Female −.13** −.13** −.11** −.09* −.22 −2.39 −.39, −.04
Ethnicity: African American −.02 −.02 −.03 −.03 −.10 −0.61 −.42, .22
Ethnicity: Hispanic −.02 −.02 −.02 −.03 −.12 −0.88 −.37, .17
Ethnicity: Other race .02 .02 .02 .01 .06 0.34 −.26, .39
Marital status: Single .03 .03 .03 .04 .10 0.76 −.18, .36
Marital status: Divorced/separated .05 .05 .05 .04 .16 1.07 −.12, .46
Marital status: Widowed .02 .02 .01 .01 .05 0.22 −.35, .47
Household income −.01 −.01 −.01 .00 .00 −0.02 −.03, .03
College education .14** .14** .15** .11* .25 2.55 .06, .45
Pre-9/11 psychological diagnoses −.07 −.07 −.05 −.04 −.09 −1.33 −.23, .05
Proximity: Lived within 100 miles .00 .00 .00 .02 0.10 −.31, .39
Exposure: Saw live on TV .00 .00 .01 .03 0.31 −.17, .22
Exposure: Direct exposure .01 .01 .00 .02 0.07 −.46, .52
Acute stress response (SASRQ) −.11** −.04 −.21 −0.01 −.03, .01
COPE–Self-distraction −.07 −.09 −1.50 −.21, .03
COPE–Active coping .03 .04 0.63 −.09, .15
COPE–Denial −.09* −.14 −2.45 −.26, −.03
COPE–Substance use −.06 −.19 −1.76 −.41, .03
COPE–Emotional support −.12* −.17 −2.45 −.30, −.04
COPE–Instrumental support .17** .29 3.53 .14, .46
COPE–Behavioral disengagement .00 .00 −0.02 −.18, .20
COPE–Venting −.01 −.01 −0.23 −.12, .10
COPE–Positive reframing .10* .15 2.43 .04, .29
COPE–Planning −.01 −.02 −0.30 −.15, .10
COPE–Humor .08 .38 1.95 .01, .77
COPE–Acceptance .06 .10 1.48 −.03, .22
COPE–Religious coping −.05 −.05 −1.15 −.15, .04
COPE–Self-blame −.01 −.04 −0.24 −.36, .26

Note. R2 = .04 for Step 1, p < .01; ΔR2 = .00 for Step 2, ns; ΔR2 = .01 for Step 3, p < .01; ΔR2 = .06 for Step 4, p < .01. Total R2 = .11 for the full model. CI = confidence interval; SASRQ = Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (Cardeña, Koopman, Classen, Waelde, & Spiegel, 2000); COPE = the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997).

*

p < .05.

**

p < .01.