TABLE 3.

Candidate CMV vaccines

Vaccine	Comments
Vaccines evaluated in clinical trials
Live virus vaccines
AD169 vaccine	Human CMV-specific antibody responses; no clinical trials active or anticipated
Towne vaccine	Elicits humoral and cellular immune responses; reduced human CMV disease in renal transplant recipients; phase I studies with coadministered recombinant IL-12
Towne/Toledo “chimeric” vaccines	Good safety profile; attenuated compared to Toledo strain; no efficacy data available
Subunit vaccines
gB/MF59 adjuvant	Neutralizing antibody- and cell-mediated responses; efficacy studies ongoing in phase II/III trials
gB/canarypox-vectored vaccine	Suboptimal immunogenicity; prime-boost when administered with Towne vaccine
pp65 (UL83)/canarypox-vectored vaccine	Good safety profile; antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses
gB/pp65/IE1 trivalent DNA vaccine	DNA adjuvanted with poloxamer/benzalkonium chloride
gB/pp65 bivalent DNA vaccine	Phase II studies ongoing in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
gB/pp65/IE1 alphavirus replicon vaccine	Replication-deficient VRPs; phase I clinical trial recently initiated
Preclinical vaccine approaches
gM/gN (gcII complex)	Major glycoprotein constituent of virion; majority of human sera contain anti-gcII antibodies; gM/gN DNA vaccine immunogenic in mice
gH/gL/gO (gcIII complex)	Target of neutralizing antibody responses; protective in murine CMV model
Nonstructural genes/novel CTL targets	DNA polymerase (UL54) and helicase (UL105); protective in murine model
Prime-boost strategy	Prime with cocktail of plasmid DNA vaccines; boost with formalin-inactivated viral particles; induces “sterilizing immunity” in murine model
Bacterial artificial chromosomes	Protective in murine and guinea pig models
Peptide vaccines	Effective in murine model; “polyepitope” vaccine approach; requires knowledge of HLA status
Dense body vaccines	Noninfectious particles; highly immunogenic in animal models; humoral and cell-mediated immune responses