DNA amplification of vtaA translocator domains. The combinations of primers YADAF1/PADHR1 (A), YADAF2/PADHR2 (B), and YADAF3/PADHR3B (C) were used to specifically amplify vtaA YadA coding domains of groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. PCR products were run in 2% agarose gels. The molecular sizes, in bp, of the standard (M) are shown on the left. C−, negative control.