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DNA amplification of vtaA genes. The combinations of primers PADHF/PADHR1 (A), PADHF/PADHR2 (B), and C5F/PADHR3B (C) were used to specifically amplify vtaA genes of groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. PCR products were run in 0.8% agarose gels. PCR products, vtaA1 to vtaA30, selected for sequencing are indicated by arrows. The molecular sizes, in Kbp, of the standard (M) are shown on the left.
