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Average dN/dS rate ratios of each ORF of HPV18, HPV45, and HPV18/45/97. The M3 (discrete) model was used as the “best” one with the CODEML program in the PAML package (50, 51). The calculated values are taken from Tables S1 to S3 in the supplemental material. The dotted line marks neutral evolution with values below 1 suggesting purifying selection and values more than 1 suggesting Darwinian selection.
