FIG. 1.

RSV activates murine macrophages through TLR2 and TLR6. Macrophages were harvested 4 days after thioglycolate treatment from wild-type, TLR2 KO, and TLR4 KO mice. (a to c) Macrophages were stimulated with RSV (MOI of 0.3), UV-inactivated RSV (MOI equivalent of 0.3 MOI), LPS (TLR4 ligand; 100 ng/ml), Pam₂CSK₄ (TLR2 ligand; 100 ng/ml), Vero cell lysate (50 μl), or UV-inactivated Vero cell lysate (50 μl) for 24 h in the presence of brefeldin A as indicated. (d) Wild-type macrophages were stimulated with sucrose-purified RSV (MOI of 0.02) or UV-inactivated sucrose purified RSV (MOI equivalent of 0.02). Cells were stained for CDllb, permeabilized, and stained for intracellular TNF-α. Values indicate the percentages of CDllb⁺ macrophages producing TNF-α. TNF-α production (black line) was compared to that of the isotype control (gray line).