Mutations in gld genes disrupt chitin utilization. Approximately 4 × 107 cells of wild-type and mutant strains were spotted on PY2-chitin agar and incubated at 25°C for 10 days. Abbreviations: WT, wild-type F. johnsoniae; A−, gldA mutant CJ101-288; A+, CJ101-288 complemented with pSA21; B−, gldB mutant CJ569; B+, CJ569 complemented with pDH233; D−, gldD mutant CJ282; D+, CJ282 complemented with pMM213; F−, gldF mutant CJ787; F+, CJ787 complemented with pMK314; G−, gldG mutant CJ776; G+, CJ776 complemented with pMK314; H−, gldH mutant CJ1043; H+, CJ1043 complemented with pMM293. The diameter of the petri dish is 14 cm.