Some energy-regulating hormones are differentially affected by dietary energy restriction in males and females. Plasma levels of glucose (panel A), insulin (panel B), leptin (panel C), adiponectin (panel D), and ghrelin (panel E) were measured in male and female rats that had been maintained for 6 months on the indicated diets. Values are the mean ± sem. C, Control. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001, compared with the control value.