TABLE 2.
Univariate analysis of risk factors versus retinopathy and nephropathy outcome
| Three or more—step ETDRS progression or scatter laser therapy from DCCT close out through EDIC study year 10 |
Development of microalbuminuria or worse from DCCT close out through EDIC study year 9–10 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Event | Nonevent | P value | Event | Nonevent | P value |
| n | 67 | 117 | - | 34 | 151 | - |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age at EDIC study baseline | 34.4 ± 6.8 | 34.0 ± 6.5 | 0.7777 | 34.1 ± 6.3 | 34.6 ± 6.6 | 0.5883 |
| Women (%) | 55.2 | 45.3 | 0.1950 | 55.9 | 47.7 | 0.3875 |
| Diabetes duration at EDIC study baseline (years) | 11.3 ± 4.4 | 11.0 ± 5.0 | 0.3679 | 10.5 ± 4.0 | 11.0 ± 4.8 | 0.7269 |
| DCCT treatment group | ||||||
| Intensive (%) | 41.8 | 65.0 | 0.0023 | 52.9 | 58.3 | 0.5698 |
| Glycemic control | ||||||
| DCCT mean A1C (%) | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 7.6 ± 1.2 | <0.0001 | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 0.0005 |
| EDIC study mean A1C up to EDIC study year 10 (%) |
8.8 ± 1.4 | 7.7 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 | - | - | - |
| EDIC study mean A1C up to EDIC study year 9–10 (%) |
- | - | - | 9.2 ± 1.3 | 7.8 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 |
| Medical at EDIC baseline | ||||||
| Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 90.7 ± 9.3 | 88.1 ± 8.0 | 0.1174 | 92.6 ± 8.4 | 88.0 ± 8.2 | 0.0089 |
| Hypertension ever (%) | 14.9 | 7.7 | 0.1208 | 25.3 | 7.3 | 0.0048 |
| Triglycerides (mmol) (now in mg/dl) | 81.0 ± 44.0 | 76.6 ± 43.3 | 0.6882 | 86.6 ± 45.4 | 73.9 ± 39.1 | 0.1165 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol) (now in mg/dl) | 53.0 ± 14.2 | 51.2 ± 12.2 | 0.4670 | 51.8 ± 12.4 | 51.6 ± 12.9 | 0.9218 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol) (now in mg/dl) | 112 ± 29 | 108 ± 29 | 0.3577 | 116 ± 30 | 108 ± 28 | 0.0856 |
| Overweight (%) | 35.8 | 35.0 | 0.9154 | 38.2 | 37.1 | 0.9004 |
| Smoker at DCCT close out (%) | 26.9 | 15.4 | 0.0589 | 23.5 | 17.2 | 0.3907 |
| Retinopathy at EDIC study baseline | ||||||
| No retinopathy (10/10) (%) | 25.4 | 30.8 | - | 17.7 | 33.1 | - |
| Microaneurisms only <(20/20) (%) | 29.9 | 41.0 | - | 38.2 | 39.1 | - |
| Mild to moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy or worse (35/<35+) (%) |
44.8 | 28.2 | 0.0711 | 44.1 | 27.8 | 0.1007 |
| Renal at EDIC baseline | ||||||
| Albuminuria (mg/24 h) | 44.7 ± 166 | 11.7 ± 21.1 | 0.0002 | 13.6 ± 9.4 | 8.3 ± 5.1 | 0.0014 |
| AER ≥40 (%) | 17.9 | 4.3 | 0.0023 | - | - | - |
| Neuropathy at EDIC baseline (%) | 16.4 | 4.3 | 0.0052 | 14.7 | 8.7 | 0.2845 |
| Skin collagens at EDIC study baseline (pmol/mg collagen) |
||||||
| Furosine | 924 ± 253 | 669 ± 172 | <0.0001 | 878 ± 242 | 717 ± 205 | 0.0001 |
| CML | 607 ± 134 | 501 (120) | <0.0001 | 596 ± 126 | 514 ± 129 | 0.0007 |
| Pentosidine | 29.0 ± 8.2 | 24.3 ± 6.9 | <0.0001 | 8.6 | 24.7 ± 6.8 | 0.0003 |
| Fluorescence | 197 ± 40 | 176 ± 37 | 0.0002 | 201 ± 45 | 181 ± 50 | 0.0033 |
| Acid-soluble collagen (%) | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.1325 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.1599 |
| Pepsin-soluble collagen (%) | 5.9 ± 3.9 | 7.3 ± 3.0 | <0.0001 | 6.0 ± 2.8 | 7.1 ± 3.4 | 0.0187 |
Data are means ± SD or percent, unless otherwise indicated. ETDRS, Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Scale. Values in bold indicate P < 0.05.