TABLE 2.
Fixed Effects of Neighborhood Indices on Birthweight and Random Effects Among Recent Immigrants to Urban Ontario: 1993–2000
| Two-Level Models |
Cross-Classified Models |
|||
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3a | Model 4b | |
| Fixed effects, b (95% CI) | ||||
| Intercept | 3 321 (3 311, 3 332) | 3 531 (3 505, 3 557) | 3 364 (3 337, 3 390) | 3 523 (3 489, 3 558) |
| Material deprivation | −10 (−21, 1) | 1 (−8, 10) | −8 (−18, 2) | −2 (−11, 7) |
| Residential instability | 20 (10, 29) | 12 (3, 20) | 0 (−9, 9) | −1 (−9, 7) |
| Dependency | −14 (−24, −3) | −9 (−18, 0) | −8 (−18, 2) | −7 (−15, 2) |
| Ethnic diversity | −25 (−34, −17) | −23 (−30, −16) | −4 (−12, 4) | −4 (−10, 3) |
| Random effects, variance (SE) | ||||
| Variance at the neighborhood level (τb002): | 2 022** (571) | 1 320* (431) | 215 (399) | 255 (304) |
| Variance at the country level (τc002): | … | … | 13 737** (2 596) | 10 400** (1 995) |
| Residual variance (σ2): | 283 014** (2 724) | 208 223** (2 007) | 272 954** (2 626) | 201 375** ( 1939) |
Note. CI = confidence interval. Birthweight measured in grams. Two-level models included random neighborhood variances. Cross-classified models included random neighborhood and country of origin variances. Models 1 and 2 did not include random intercepts at the country level.
a
Model with neighborhood predictors.
b
Adjusted for individual characteristics: infant gender, maternal age groups, gestational age groups, maternal education groups, immigrant class, marital status, knowledge of English or French, and length of residence in Canada.
*P < .01; **P < .001.