TABLE 3.
Effects of Alcohol Outlets on Adolescent Drinking: California, 2003
| Explanatory Variable | 1 Drink in Past 30 Days,a OR (95% CI) | 5 Drinks in Past 30 Days,a OR (95% CI) | Ever Driven after Drinking,b OR (95% CI) |
| Model 1 | |||
| All licensed outlets, 0.5-mile radii | 1.01 (0.90, 1.03) | 1.03** (1.01, 1.05) | 1.11** (1.05, 1.17) |
| All licensed outlets, 0.5- to 1.0-mile bands | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.01) |
| All licensed outlets, 1.0- to 2.0-mile bands | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| Model 2 | |||
| Off-site outlets | |||
| 0.5-mile radii | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.03* (1.01, 1.07) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.30) |
| 0.5- to 1.0-mile bands | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.07) |
| 1.0- to 2.0-mile bands | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) |
| On-site outlets | |||
| 0.5-mile radii | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.03* (1.01, 1.07) | 1.14** (1.05, 1.23) |
| 0.5- to 1.0-mile bands | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) |
| 1.0- to 2.0-mile bands | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) |
| Girl | 0.95 (0.73, 1.25) | 0.65* (0.42, 1.00) | 0.57 (0.23, 1.44) |
| Age, y | 1.60** (1.46, 1.76) | 1.79** (1.58, 2.03) | 2.05 (0.77, 5.48) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic Whites (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Hispanics | 1.15 (0.78, 1.67) | 1.17 (0.57, 2.39) | 4.31*** (1.44, 12.93) |
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | 0.56* (0.31, 1.01) | 0.59 (0.24, 1.40) | 1.05 (0.08, 13.91) |
| Non-Hispanic Blacks | 0.42* (0.19, 0.90) | 0.56 (0.14, 2.20) | 1.21 (0.16, 9.16) |
| Other | 0.82 (0.41, 1.63) | 1.07 (0.34, 3.34) | 2.07 (0.36, 11.97) |
| Paid employment in past 12 mo | 1.14 (0.85, 1.52) | 1.18 (0.74, 1.87) | 1.00 (0.38, 2.66) |
| Current smoker | 2.63** (1.48, 4.68) | 4.30** (2.15, 8.60) | 7.93** (2.93, 21.45) |
| Marijuana use in past 30 d | 15.66** (9.03, 27.15) | 17.91*8 (9.59, 33.44) | 5.42** (2.44, 12.04) |
| Income quartile | |||
| Lowest income quartile (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second income quartile | 1.39 (0.91, 2.13) | 0.86 (0.44, 1.68) | 6.89*** (1.71, 27.75) |
| Third income quartile | 1.17 (0.72, 1.90) | 0.78 (0.38, 1.60) | 4.69* (1.19, 18.55) |
| Highest income quartile | 1.46 (0.85, 2.48) | 1.17 (0.56, 2.43) | 11.20*** (2.12, 59.16) |
| Parents married or living with a partner | 0.59*** (0.42, 0.85) | 0.65 (0.36, 1.16) | 0.47 (0.17, 1.32) |
| Parent's excess drinking | 0.28 (0.08, 1.00) | 0.14 (0.01, 1.38) | 0.30 (0.11, 2.22) |
| Parent's binge drinking | 1.51 (0.98, 2.33) | 1.64 (0.92, 2.91) | 1.55 (0.65, 3.69) |
| Census tract population | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Tract median household income | 0.94 (0.62, 1.43) | 1.02 (0.50, 2.08) | 0.83 (0.23, 2.99) |
| Tract White population, % | 0.61 (0.28, 1.29) | 0.99 (0.25, 3.96) | 3.32 (0.46, 24.12) |
| Tract Black population, % | 0.42 (0.07, 2.35) | 0.98 (0.04, 23.29) | 9.09* (2.46, 34.23) |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. All statistics were weighted. Lowest income quartile was $24 000 or less; second quartile was $24 000 to $49 000; third quartile was $50 000 to $90 000; and the highest quartile was more than $90 000. Model 1 included the same other explanatory variables as model 2, but these estimates were not reported because of space limitations. Specifications for models 1 and 2 and definitions of the included variables are explained in the “Statistical Analysis Section.”
a
Among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (n = 3660).
b
Among adolescents aged 16 to 17 years (n = 687).
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.