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. 2003 Nov;69(11):6447–6454. doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.11.6447-6454.2003

FIG. 1.

FIG. 1.

Simplified N cycle showing how anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) (broken arrows) bypasses the classic coupling of aerobic nitrification to denitrification, with the oxidation of NH4+ and N2 formation being driven by the reduction of NO2. Note the process of DNRA and that NO2 is an intermediate of both DNRA and nitrification.