Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of GEF and Rac1 expression. Relative mRNA expression levels of Trio, Vav3, Ect2, and Rac1 in NB, grade 2 LGAs, and GBMs were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR using histone H3.3 and HPRT1 as reference genes, see Materials and Methods. Data are presented as box plots and asterisks indicate statistical significance between groups.