Table 1.

Effect of oral glucose ingestion on β-cell hormonal response and GI peptides in studies with and without Ex-9

Time (min)	Saline infusion	Ex-9 infusion
Blood glucose (mmol/liter)
Baseline	4.6 ± 0.1	4.6 ± 0.1
70–90	8.9 ± 0.1	9 ± 0.1a
95–270	8.7 ± 0.1	8.8 ± 0.1
Insulin (pmol/liter)
Baseline	60.1 ± 13.2	58.0 ± 13
70–90	282.5 ± 42	263.8 ± 59
95–270	1154.8 ± 203	835.7 ± 120a
C peptide (nmol/liter)
Baseline	0.8 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.1
70–90	2.7 ± 0.3	2.3 ± 0.3a
95–270	6 ± 0.7	4.9 ± 0.7b
Glucagon (pg/ml)
Baseline	47.9 ± 3.6	53.0 ± 5.4
80–90	43.8 ± 4.5	47.2 ± 4.6
AUC glucagon(pg/ml · min)
95–270	221 ± 353	1657 ± 699a
Glucose infusion rate (mg/kg · min)
70–90	6.4 ± 0.8	5.6 ± 0.7
95–270	10.6 ± 1.0	8.1 ± 0.9a
d-xylose (mmol/liter)
95–120	0.34 ± 0.03	0.38 ± 0.02
95–270	0.61 ± 0.05	0.69 ± 0.03
AUC 13C-glucose enrichment (atom %)
95–120	19.2 ± 2.2	20.1 ± 2.6
AUC GLP-1 (pmol/liter · min)c
95–270	531 ± 137	1208 ± 246b
AUC GIP (nmol/liter · min)c
95–270	19.3 ± 2	19.7 ± 2

The paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank test was used for comparison of individual values during the respective periods. 

^aP < 0.05 vs. saline infusion. 

^bP < 0.01 vs. saline infusion. 

^cGIP and GLP-1 values were measured for nine and eight subjects, respectively.