Table 5.
Pooled effect estimates [β (95% CIs)]a in three study panels for the associations of elements of PM with HRV among study subjects in single-pollutant models.
| SDNN (msec)
|
HF (%)
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All subjects | Subjects without beta-blockers | All subjects | Subjects without beta-blockers | |
| ABS | ||||
| Lag 0 | −0.54 (−1.39 to 0.31) | −0.64 (−2.25 to 0.97) | 0.45 (−4.48 to 5.64) | −2.54 (−11.15 to 6.91) |
| Lag 1 | −0.52 (−1.46 to 0.41) | −1.59 (−3.11 to −0.06) | 2.91 (−2.54 to 8.67) | −4.94 (−13.04 to 3.91) |
| Lag 2 | −0.78 (−1.72 to 0.16) | −1.36 (−2.99 to 0.27) | −1.42 (−6.76 to 4.22) | −7.13 (−15.51 to 2.08) |
| Lag 3 | −0.31 (−1.23 to 0.62) | −1.44 (−3.15 to 0.27) | −2.57 (−7.75 to 2.90) | −7.83 (−16.27 to 1.45) |
| S | ||||
| Lag 0 | −0.25 (−1.06 to 0.55) | −0.71 (−1.98 to 0.56) | 0.74 (−3.76 to 5.46) | −2.70 (−9.71 to 4.84) |
| Lag 1 | −0.51 (−1.36 to 0.33) | −0.76 (−1.99 to 0.47) | 0.25b (−4.42 to 5.14) | −3.61 (−10.36 to 3.64) |
| Lag 2 | −0.43 (−1.39 to 0.52) | −1.44 (−2.84 to −0.04) | −4.78b (−9.69 to 0.40) | −10.56 (−17.63 to −2.87) |
| Lag 3 | 0.10 (−0.88 to 1.08) | −1.54 (−3.02 to −0.06) | −4.02 (−9.01 to 1.25) | −13.05 (−20.18 to −5.29) |
| Vc | ||||
| Lag 0 | −0.12 (−1.14 to 0.91) | −0.46 (−1.85 to 0.93) | 4.58 (−0.89 to 10.36) | 3.68 (−4.72 to 12.82) |
| Lag 1 | −0.66 (−1.73 to 0.41) | −1.97 (−3.56 to −0.39) | 0.73 (−4.74 to 6.53) | −6.24 (−14.71 to 3.07) |
| Lag 2 | 0.40 (−0.66 to 1.46) | −0.16b (−1.72 to 1.39) | 1.40 (−4.02 to 7.13) | −4.58 (−12.97 to 4.61) |
| Lag 3 | 0.04 (−0.99 to 1.07) | −0.43 (−1.78 to 0.91) | −1.92 (−7.00 to 3.45) | −2.09 (−9.64 to 6.09) |
| Zn | ||||
| Lag 0 | −0.19 (−0.79 to 0.41) | −0.69 (−1.83 to 0.46) | 1.68 (−1.97 to 5.46) | 0.40 (−5.91 to 7.13) |
| Lag 1 | 0.12 (−0.55 to 0.79) | −0.78 (−2.11 to 0.54) | 3.85 (−0.26 to 8.13) | 0.13 (−6.92 to 7.72) |
| Lag 2 | 0.06 (−0.58 to 0.70) | −0.92 (−2.20 to 0.37) | 2.28 (−1.71 to 6.43) | −3.78 (−10.41 to 3.35) |
| Lag 3 | −0.13 (−0.72 to 0.46) | −0.28 (−1.53 to 0.96) | −1.43 (−4.95 to 2.22) | −6.41 (−12.60 to 0.22) |
| Ca | ||||
| Lag 0 | −0.23 (−0.85 to 0.38) | −0.72 (−2.17 to 0.73) | −0.77 (−4.50 to 3.10) | −0.37 (−8.12 to 8.04) |
| Lag 1 | 0.27 (−0.58 to 1.11) | −0.47 (−2.16 to 1,21) | 3.39 (−1.80 to 8.86) | 2.10 (−7.18 to 12.31) |
| Lag 2 | 0.62 (−0.36 to 1.60) | 0.35 (−1.47 to 2.18) | 7.89 (1.70 to 14.46) | 5.60 (−4.98 to 17.35) |
| Lag 3 | 0.03 (−0.93 to 1.00) | 0.01 (−2.03 to 2.05) | 0.61 (−5.01 to 6.56) | −0.01 (−10.58 to 11.81) |
| Clc | ||||
| Lag 0 | 0.25 (−0.25 to 0.76) | 0.07 (−0.48 to 0.61) | 2.36 (−0.15 to 4.94) | 2.34 (−1.00 to 5.79) |
| Lag 1 | 0,14 (−0.39 to 0.67) | 0.00 (−0.63 to 0.64) | 1.13 (−1.48 to 3.81) | 1.46 (−2.39 to 5.46) |
| Lag 2 | 0.38 (−0.12 to 0.88) | 0.32 (−0.22 to 0.85) | 1.40 (−1.06 to 3.94) | 1.71 (−1.56 to 5.08) |
| Lag 3 | 0.31 (−0.17 to 0.80) | 0.37 (−0.13 to 0.87) | 1.21 (−1.15 to 3.61) | 0.81 (−2.21 to 3.91) |
| Fe | ||||
| Lag 0 | −0.32 (−1.25 to 0.61) | −0.32 (−1.94 to 1.29) | 0.72 (−4.49 to 6.22) | −0.12 (−9.19 to 9.86) |
| Lag 1 | 0.15 (−1.00 to 1.30) | −1.09 (−2.85 to 0.67) | 6.69 (0.11 to 13.69) | 0.13 (−9.70 to 11.04) |
| Lag 2 | −0.44 (−1.72 to 0.84) | −1.51 (−3.58 to 0.56) | 1.50 (−5.52 to 9.04) | −3.31 (−14.26 to 9.05) |
| Lag 3 | −0.44 (−1.67 to 0.79) | −1.77 (−3.86 to 0.32) | −3.45 (−9.90 to 3.46) | −9.93 (−20.26 to 1.72) |
| Cu | ||||
| Lag 0 | −0.18 (−0.73 to 0.36) | −0.29 (−1.26 to 0.68) | 1.56 (−1.65 to 4.87) | −0.97 (−6.40 to 4.77) |
| Lag 1 | −0.08 (−0.74 to 0.57) | −0.20 (−1.19 to 0.78) | 3.00 (−0.85 to 7.00) | 2.34 (−3.49 to 8.52) |
| Lag 2 | −0.43 (−1.10 to 0.24) | −1.55 (−2.71 to −0.39) | 1.71 (−2.30 to 5.88) | −4.16 (−10.53 to 2.67) |
| Lag 3 | 0.12 (−0.56 to 0.80) | −0.54 (−1.59 to 0.51) | −1.97 (−5.76 to 1.98) | −4.41 (−9.91 to 1.43) |
a
β, effect estimate, calculated for an increase of 1 m−1 × 10−5 in absorbance, 1 μg/m3 in S, 4 ng/m3 in V, 30 ng/m3 in Ca and Zn, 100 ng/m3 in Cl, 70 ng/m3 in Fe, and 2 ng/m3 in Cu.
b
Pooled effect estimates have heterogeneous underlying center-specific effect estimates (significance test < 0.05).
c
V and Cl were not used in Erfurt; estimates of only two cities pooled.