Table 1.

Bacterial infections associated with tobacco smoking.

Infection	OR (95% CI)*
Nasopharyngeal and respiratory pathogens (such as S. pneumonia, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, L. pneumophila)	2.5 (1.1–6.0) [4]
Group A streptococcus sore throat	-
Legionnaires disease	3.6 (2.1–5.8) [5]
Cystic fibrosis	Increased severity on smoke exposure [134,138]
Pneumonia	2.6 (1.9–3.5)[22,137]
Tuberculosis	1.8 Light [29]
	3.2 Moderate [29]
	3.7 Heavy [29]
	4.1 (2.4 to 7.3) Active [2]
	2.5 (1.2 to 5.1) Secondhand [2]
Meningococcal carriage	2.2 (1.0–4.8) Light [38]
	7.2 (2.3–22.9 Heavy [38]
Bacterial vaginosis	2.7 [44]
Periductal mastitis	6.2 (2.9–13.4) [131]
Helicobacter pylori	1.9 (1.4–2.5) [51]
Periodontitis	3.3 (2.3–4.5) Light [132]
	7.3 (5.1–10.3) Heavy [132]
Ulcerative colitis	0.6 (0.4–0.8) [70]
Crohn's disease	3.6 (2.5 – 5.0) Active [130]
	2.0 (1.3 – 3.3) Secondhand [135]
Otitis media	4.2 (1.5–11.9) Secondhand [133]
Surgical infections	1.2 (1.1, 1.3) [136]

* The specific OR (95% CI) presented is selected from a single reference/study. Additional references are provided in the text for more complete information.