Table 3.
Mean differences across status groups
| Measure | Resolute nonusers |
Vulnerable nonusers |
Users |
Omnibus test | Partial η2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Agebcd | 13.28 | (1.03) | 13.65 | (1.06) | 14.02 | (0.91) | F =31.62a | .043 |
| Religiositybc | 3.16 | (0.84) | 2.92 | (0.86) | 2.74 | (0.87) | F =14.03a | .023 |
| Gender: Male† | 0.52 | (0.50) | 0.45 | (0.50) | 0.51 | (0.50) | χ2=3.11 | .001 |
| Race: Caucasian† | 0.67 | (0.47) | 0.68 | (0.47) | 0.62 | (0.49) | χ2=2.23 | .001 |
| Race: Black† | 0.16 | (0.37) | 0.12 | (0.32) | 0.11 | (0.32) | χ2=5.31 | .003 |
| Race: Hispanic†b | 0.13 | (0.33) | 0.15 | (0.36) | 0.25 | (0.43) | χ2=17.39a | .008 |
| Race: Asian† | 0.03 | (0.18) | 0.05 | (0.22) | 0.02 | (0.15) | χ2=2.93 | .001 |
| Academic | ||||||||
| Academic performancebd | 6.43 | (2.08) | 6.39 | (2.01) | 5.28 | (2.31) | F=7.72a | .020 |
| Academic aspiration | 3.86 | (1.27) | 3.94 | (1.18) | 3.49 | (1.50) | F=2.63 | .007 |
| Social | ||||||||
| Involvement in clubs/activities | 2.44 | (1.27) | 2.33 | (1.24) | 2.08 | (1.23) | F=3.14 | .005 |
| Peer marijuana usebcd | 2.04 | (0.90) | 2.61 | (0.82) | 3.24 | (0.74) | F=109.59a | .100 |
| Friend marijuana usebcd | 1.49 | (0.75) | 2.26 | (0.97) | 2.95 | (0.99) | F=71.86a | .200 |
| Adult supervisionbc | 3.30 | (1.19) | 2.73 | (1.14) | 2.53 | (1.19) | F=21.90a | .034 |
| Self deliquencybc | 1.17 | (0.37) | 1.48 | (0.63) | 1.73 | (0.82) | F=41.48a | .119 |
| Peer deliquencybc | 1.65 | (1.01) | 2.30 | (1.33) | 2.25 | (1.37) | F=40.46a | .048 |
| Parental | ||||||||
| Parental monitoringbc | 3.98 | (1.08) | 3.44 | (1.14) | 3.29 | (1.14) | F=21.69a | .047 |
| Parental warmthbc | 3.84 | (0.91) | 3.10 | (1.03) | 2.98 | (1.08) | F=56.85a | .080 |
| Intrapersonal | ||||||||
| Refusal strengthbc | 4.71 | (0.73) | 4.11 | (0.88) | 4.16 | (0.96) | F=81.55a | .084 |
| Sensation seekingbc | 2.43 | (0.87) | 3.27 | (0.77) | 3.37 | (0.74) | F=100.09a | .121 |
| Approval of others’ mar. usebcd | 1.39 | (0.62) | 2.39 | (0.72) | 2.84 | (0.85) | F=251.18a | .317 |
| Non-marijuana substance use | ||||||||
| Cigarette usebcd | 1.17 | (0.55) | 1.79 | (1.14) | 3.04 | (1.39) | F=108.99a | .317 |
| Alcohol usebcd | 1.38 | (0.80) | 2.29 | (1.15) | 2.82 | (0.96) | F=117.08a | .193 |
| Inhalant usebcd | 1.01 | (0.15) | 1.12 | (0.46) | 1.28 | (0.63) | F=12.29a | .070 |
Note. Age was statistically controlled in all analyses involving the non-demographic measures via analysis of covariance.
†
For dichotomous measures, mean values represent the proportion responding affirmatively in each status group.
a
Significant omnibus test, p<.01.
b
Significant difference between Resolute Nonusers and Users, p<.01.
c
Significant difference between Resolute Nonusers and Vulnerable Nonusers, p<.01.
d
Significant difference between Vulnerable Nonusers and Users, p<.01.