Table 2.

β-coefficients for the age-adjusted relationship between cognitive test scores, glycemic status, and other variables: ACCORD-MIND

Variable	DSST	MMSE	Memory score	Stroop
Female sex	1.79‖	−0.27‖	1.30§	0.41
Diabetes duration (years)	−0.26§	0.14‖	−0.01	−0.01
CVD*	−1.98‖	0.12	−0.48§	1.43‖
Stroke	−8.18§	−0.69‖	−0.86§	4.53‖
Nonstroke CVD	−0.08	0.32‖	−0.31‖	0.40
Hyperlipidemia†	1.95‖	0.02	−0.12	−1.22
Hypertension or blood pressure drugs	−1.78‖	−0.11	−0.14	0.37
Current smoker	−2.75‖	−0.29‖	−0.46‖	0.38
>3 drinks/week	4.80§	0.76§	−0.01	−2.81‖
Education
< high school	−22.51§	−3.24§	−1.89§	12.30§
High school	−10.63§	−1.4§	−0.89§	6.63§
Some college	−5.2§	−0.6§	−0.41‖	3.86§
Language	−25.97§	−2.7§	−1.51§	10.27§
Race (Nonwhite)	−13.39§	−1.92§	−0.83§	6.71§
Vitrectomy	−7.78‖	0.49	0.50	7.11
Neuropathy‡	1.84‖	0.41§	0.17	−0.82
Depression or PHQ 9 score ≥10	−1.04	−0.34‖	−0.05	0.54
Living alone	0.21	0.07	0.27‖	1.19
BMI (kg/m2)	0.20‖	0.04§	0.04§	0.04
Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio	−3.06§	−0.11	−0.20	1.29
A1C (%)	−1.75§	−0.20§	−0.11‖	0.75‖
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)	0.0057	0.0006	0.00006	−0.0055

^*Myocardial infarction, angina with ischemic changes on graded exercise test or positive imaging, coronary revascularization procedures, or stroke.

^†Taking lipid-lowering medication or an untreated LDL cholesterol level >130 mg/dl (3.38 mmol/l).

^‡History of neuropathy or absent ankle reflexes or vibration perception at great toe for either foot.

^§P ≤ 0.0001;

^‖P ≤ 0.05.