Table 2.
Outcome | Fixed and random effect terms | Model (covariates included in the model) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. (Null—no covariates) | 2. (Individual covariatesb only) | 3. (Population density only) | 4. (Individual covariatesb + population density) | 5. (Individual covariatesb + population density + area level covariatesc) | ||
Overweight (N = 5,940) | Population density (OR (95% CI)) | – | – | 1.096 (1.043–1.149)*** | 1.084 (1.033–1.139)** | 1.087 (1.035–1.141)** |
Area level variance | 0.055** | 0.035** | 0.019 | 0.011 | 0.003 | |
ICCa | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.001 | |
Obese (N = 4,878) | Population density (OR (95% CI)) | – | – | 1.183 (1.102–1.269)*** | 1.142 (1.067–1.223)*** | 1.150 (1.080–1.225)*** |
Area level variance | 0.187*** | 0.130** | 0.097** | 0.074** | 0.033* | |
ICCa | 0.054 | 0.038 | 0.029 | 0.022 | 0.010 | |
Inadequate physical activity (N = 7,290) | Population density (OR (95% CI)) | – | – | 1.111 (1.064–1.160)*** | 1.120 (1.068–1.174)*** | 1.123 (1.071–1.177)*** |
Area level variance | 0.100*** | 0.100*** | 0.066*** | 0.061** | 0.044** | |
ICCa | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.020 | 0.018 | 0.013 | |
No walking (N = 7,290) | Population density (OR (95% CI)) | – | – | 1.175 (1.099–1.256)*** | 1.179 (1.095–1.271)*** | 1.179 (1.095–1.271)*** |
Area level variance | 0.153*** | 0.141** | 0.060** | 0.037* | 0.016 | |
ICCa | 0.044 | 0.041 | 0.018 | 0.011 | 0.005 |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
aICC = (area level variance) / (area level variance + π2 / 3)
bIndividual covariates include: age, gender, household income, education, smoking status, adequate diet and years lived in local area for all outcomes; inadequate physical activity for the overweight and obese outcomes; and feel safe walking down street after dark for physical activity outcomes
cThe area level covariate is the quintile of Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage of the local government area