Table 3.

Standardized path coefficients for the model^a

Variable	Expectation		Reasons		Heavy drinking	Alcohol dependence
	Positive	Negative	Social	Escape
Gender
Male	.11*	−.05	.10	.06	.32†	.07
Age, in years
18-34	.10	−.01	.01	.11	.08	−.06
35-54 (ref.)
≥55	−.46†	−.35†	.01	−.03	−.57†	.24
Education
<12 years	−.07	−.22†	−.02	.34†	.03	.15
12 years (ref.)
>12 years	−.01	−.05	.05	−.14	−.16†	−.09
Marital status
Married	.03	−.04	−.04	−.17*	−.10*	.01
Previously (ref.)
Never	.19*	−.08	.05	.02	−.01	.04
Race/ethnicity
White (ref.)
Hispanic	−.22†	−.06	−.3.2†	−.03	.26†	.20*
Black	−.08	−.08	−.09	.01	−.21†	.46†
Expectations
Positive			.42†	.41†	.12†	.01
Negative			.04	.17†	−.04	.16†
Reasons
Social					.52†	−.20*
Escape					.31†	.38†
Heavy drinking						.65†

Notes: Items for heavy drinking were measured in ordinal scale (0 = never in the past year, 1 = once in the past year, 2 = twice in the past year, 3 = 3–6 times, 4 = 7–11 times, 5 = 1–3 times a month, 6 = 1–2 times a week, 7 = 3–4 times a week, 8 = every day or nearly every day). Ref. = referent.

^a χ ² = 164.7, 42 df, p < .000; comparative fit index = .97; root mean square error of approximation = .03.

^* p <. 05;

^† p < .01.